1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed (Turning Points in Ancient History) (47 page)

Bronze Age,
xv
,
xvii
,
xviii
,
3
,
8
,
10
–
11
,
28
,
32
–
33
,
36
,
38
–
40
,
42
,
53
,
71
,
73
–
74
,
84
,
86
,
103
,
106
–
7
,
113
,
122
,
132
,
135
,
139
,
143
,
146
,
149
–
50
,
152
,
154
,
162
–
64
,
167
–
74
,
176

Burna-Buriash II,
13
,
54
,
57
,
61
,
178

Byblos,
137

Cairo Column,
7

Canaan,
xv
,
1
,
7
,
12
,
14
–
15
,
17
,
22
,
25
,
28
,
33
–
34
,
48
,
50
,
59
,
74
,
77
,
80
,
89
–
92
,
95
,
114
,
118
,
122
–
23
,
148
,
158
–
60
,
174
–
75

Canaanite,
19
,
29
,
31
,
52
,
71
,
74
–
75
,
77
,
79
,
87
–
88
,
93
–
94
,
96
,
101
,
103
,
115
–
16
,
118
,
121
–
22
,
148
,
159
–
60
,
175

Cape Gelidonya,
73
–
74
,
100
–
101

Caphtor,
12
,
19

Carchemish,
2
–
3
,
31
,
83
,
104
–
6
,
151

Carmel Coast,
157

Carnarvon, Earl of,
63
–
65

Carpenter, Rhys,
143

Carter, Howard,
63
–
65

Catastrophe,
139
,
164

Caubet, Annie,
138
,
157

Champollion, Jean-François,
4
,
91

Christie, Agatha,
xvii

Cilicia,
99
,
155
–
56

Cleopatra,
27

collapse,
xvi
,
xix
,
1
,
139
,
148
,
160
,
164
,
170

Colossi of Memnon,
43
,
45

complexity,
164
,
166

complexity science,
166

complexity theory,
166
,
168
–
70

Corinthia,
128

Crete,
4
,
12
,
14
,
17
–
23
,
25
,
38
–
39
,
42
,
46
–
48
,
50
–
51
,
71
,
74
,
79
–
80
,
82
,
104
,
134

Crusades,
10

Cycladic islands,
25
,
71

Cyclopean,
87

cylinder seal(s),
22
,
77

Cypriot(s),
2
,
42
,
52
,
60
–
61
,
70
–
71
,
77
,
87
–
88
,
101
,
105
,
132
–
35
,
146
,
155
,
162
,
164
,
166
,
171

Cypro-Minoan,
88
,
105

Cyprus,
1
,
3
,
9
–
10
,
12
,
22
,
25
,
28
,
50
,
55
,
60
–
61
,
71
,
74
,
76
–
77
,
86
–
88
,
99
–
100
,
104
–
6
,
109
,
119
,
132
–
35
,
137
–
38
,
141
,
146
,
151
,
158
,
160
,
165
,
171

Dab‘a.
See
Tell ed-Dab‘a

Danaans,
3

Danube,
160

Danuna,
1
,
3
,
6
,
8
,
157

Dardanelles,
36
,
155

Dark, Ken,
168

Dark Age,
xv
,
160
–
61
,
175
.
See also
Greek Dark Age(s)

David, King,
33
,
115
,
118
,
145
,
163

Davis, Jack,
129
,
173

Dead Sea,
147

decentralization,
152
,
154

Deeds of Suppiluliuma
,
67
–
68

Deir ‘Alla,
114

Deir el-Bahari,
26
–
27
,
136

Dever, William,
175

Diamond, Jared,
xvi
,
161
,
167

Diodorus Siculus,
91

diplomatic embassies.
See
embassy (-ies)
;
trade embassy

Dorian Invasion,
149

Dorians,
149

Dörpfeld, Wilhelm,
86

Dothan, Trude,
122

Drake, Brandon,
146
,
163

Drews, Robert,
139
,
161
,
164

drought(s),
xvi
,
11
,
99
,
126
,
135
,
142
–
43
,
145
–
47
,
152
,
160
,
162
,
165
,
167
,
174
,
176

Early Bronze Age,
49
,
145

Early Iron Age,
146
,
173

earthquake(s),
xvi
,
11
,
20
,
39
,
43
,
86
,
109
,
121
,
127
,
130
–
32
,
134
–
35
,
140
–
42
,
147
,
149
,
160
,
162
–
63
,
165
,
167
,
169
,
174
,
176

East Asia,
xvi

Eastern Mediterranean,
1
,
4
,
10
–
11
,
15
,
18
,
50
,
53
,
59
–
60
,
73
,
75
,
79
,
86
–
88
,
97
,
99
,
101
–
3
,
114
,
124
,
132
,
136
–
39
,
141
–
43
,
145
–
46
,
148
–
50
,
152
,
158
,
160
–
69
,
171
–
74
,
176

ebony,
54
,
77
,
107
,
149

Egypt,
1
,
3
–
9
,
11
–
12
,
14
–
18
,
20
–
25
,
27
–
31
,
35
,
39
,
42
–
44
,
46
–
53
,
56
–
57
,
59
–
60
,
62
–
65
,
68
–
71
,
74
–
75
,
77
–
78
,
80
,
82
–
83
,
86
–
87
,
89
–
92
,
95
,
98
,
103
–
9
,
112
–
13
,
119
,
136
,
143
–
45
,
161
,
164
,
171
–
73

Egyptian(s),
1
,
3
–
4
,
6
,
8
–
11
,
13
–
25
,
27
–
31
,
33
,
35
,
39
–
40
,
42
,
44
,
46
–
47
,
50
–
53
,
55
,
57
–
58
,
60
–
62
,
65
–
71
,
75
,
77
–
78
,
80
–
84
,
87
–
91
,
93
–
94
,
97
,
103
–
5
,
108
–
9
,
114
,
116
,
118
,
120
–
22
,
135
–
38
,
143
,
155
–
59
,
162
,
164
,
166
,
171
–
72
,
174

Egyptologist,
11
,
46
,
63
,
90

Egyptomania,
63

Eighteenth Dynasty,
15
,
17
,
26
,
42

Ekron,
122
,
157
,
159

El,
103
,
145

Elam,
13
,
123

Elamite(s),
97
,
123
–
24

Emar,
106
,
108
,
112
,
144

embargo (-oes),
xvi
,
71
–
72
,
98
,
163

embassy (-ies),
xvi
,
20
,
23
,
51
,
71
–
72
,
143

England,
34
,
53
,
63
–
64

Enkomi,
132
–
34
,
141

Enlightenment,
xviii

Epic Cycle
,
85

Epic of Gilgamesh
,
59

Eqwesh,
7
–
8

Eritrea,
27

Eshuwara,
151
,
154

Ethiopia,
27

Etruscans,
8

Euphrates,
18
,
30
–
31
,
108

Europe,
xvi
,
53
,
142

Eutresis,
128

Evans, Sir Arthur,
20
–
22
,
39

Exodus,
83
,
89
–
93
,
95
–
96

famine(s),
126
,
142
–
47
,
152
,
156
,
160
,
165
,
167
,
176

Ferdinand, Archduke,
70

Finkelstein, Israel,
147
,
158

Fourth Dynasty,
15

French, Elizabeth,
130

Gallipoli,
36

Gath,
4
,
122

Gaugamela,
155

Gaza,
122
,
157

Geiseric,
172

Gelidonya.
See
Cape Gelidonya

Gezer,
92

Gibala,
113
,
145
,
156

Gibbon, Edward,
xvi

Giza,
15

glass,
48
,
74
,
77
–
78
,
149

gold,
19
,
22
,
31
,
38
,
54
,
57
–
58
,
61
,
64
–
65
,
77
,
83
,
88
,
99
,
104
,
129
,
149
,
151

Golden Age,
42
,
176

Gonia,
128

governor of Alashiya,
154

grain,
6
,
22
,
79
,
99
,
143
–
45

Granicus River,
155

Great Green,
14

Great Syrian War,
67

Greece,
xv
,
9
,
11
,
19
,
25
,
36
–
41
,
46
–
49
,
51
,
59
,
71
,
75
,
77
,
85
–
87
,
97
,
100
,
131
–
32
,
141
,
143
,
146
–
47
,
149
,
153
,
155
,
162
,
165
,
171
–
73
,
175
–
76