1861 (71 page)

126.
Lydia Maria Child to Mrs. S. B. Shaw, May 5, 1861, in
Letters of Lydia Maria Child
(Boston, 1883), pp. 150–51.

127.
Russell,
My Diary,
p. 79.

128.
Doubleday,
Reminiscences,
pp. 164–67.

129.
OR
I, vol. 1, pp. 23–24; Doubleday,
Reminiscences,
pp. 171–73; Detzer,
Allegiance,
pp. 307–10; Crawford,
History of the Fall,
pp. 447–48.

1.
New York Herald,
Apr. 19–21, 1861.

2.
[John Hay], “Ellsworth,”
Atlantic Monthly,
July 1861.

3.
Luther E. Robinson, “Elmer Ellsworth, First Martyr of the Civil War,”
Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1923,
p. 112.

4.
Ruth Painter Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth: A Biography of Lincoln’s Friend and the First Hero of the Civil War
(Boston, 1960), p. 27.

5.
Ibid, pp. 23–26. The painting is preserved in the Illinois State Historical Society.

6.
George and Sarah Ellsworth, New York, pension file W.19226, National Archives.

7.
See Glenn Wallach,
Obedient Sons: The Discourse of Youth and Generations in American Culture, 1630–1860
(Amherst, 1997), pp. 118–19.

8.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
p. 31; Newton M. Curtis,
The Black-Plumed Riflemen: A Tale of the Revolution
(New York, 1846).

9.
Mabel McIlvaine, ed.,
Reminiscences of Chicago During the Civil War
(Chicago, 1914), p. 4, and
Reminiscences of Chicago During the Forties and Fifties
(Chicago, 1913), p. 13.

10.
Donald L. Miller,
City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America
(New York, 1997), pp. 112–13, 123.

11.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
p. 92.

12.
Ibid., p. 43.

13.
Ibid., p. 37.

14.
Daniel Walker Howe,
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
(New York, 2007), p. 491; James B. Whisker,
The Rise and Decline of the American Militia System
(Selinsgrove, Pa., 1999), p. 331.

15.
Marcus Cunliffe,
Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Tradition in America
(Boston, 1968), p. 226.

16.
Luther E. Robinson, “Elmer Ellsworth, First Martyr of the Civil War,”
Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1923,
illus. facing p. 111.

17.
W. J. Hardee,
Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics
(Philadelphia, 1855).

18.
[John Hay], “Ellsworth,”
Atlantic Monthly,
July 1861.

19.
See, e.g. [Jeremiah Burns],
The Patriot’s Offering; or, the Life, Services, and Military Career of the Noble Trio, Ellsworth, Lyon, and Baker
(New York, 1862), p. 9.

20.
Robinson,
Elmer Ellsworth,
pp. 112–13; Martha Swain, “It Was Fun, Soldier,”
American Heritage,
vol. 7, no. 5 (Aug. 1956).

21.
See, e.g.,
Chicago Press and Tribune,
June 6, 1859.

22.
Chicago Tribune,
Feb. 2, 1896.

23.
Chicago Tribune,
July 25, 1860.

24.
Quoted in
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper,
July 28, 1860.

25.
E. E. Ellsworth,
Manual of Arms for Light Infantry, Adapted to the Rifled Musket, with, or without, the Priming Attachment, Arranged for the U.S. Zouave Cadets, Governor’s Guard of Illinois,
n.d., n.p. [Chicago, 1860], pp. 15–17.

26.
Chicago Tribune,
July 25, 1860.

27.
Undated [1859–60] clipping in scrapbook,
History of U.S. Zouave Cadets, G. G. Military Champions of America, 1859–60,
n.p., Library of Congress General Collections, UA178.Z8.H6.

28.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 1, p. 267.

29.
Cunliffe,
Soldiers and Civilians,
p. 71; Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln,
vol. 1, pp. 272ff.

30.
Cunliffe,
Soldiers and Civilians,
pp. 97, 427; John J. McDonald, “Emerson
and John Brown,”
New England Quarterly,
vol. 44, no. 3 (Sept. 1971), pp. 386–87 n.

31.
Cunliffe,
Soldiers and Civilians,
pp. 400–01.

32.
Ibid., p. 356.

33.
Ibid., pp. 90, 369.

34.
Ibid., p. 348; Charles Ingraham,
Elmer E. Ellsworth and the Zouaves of ’61
(Chicago, 1925).

35.
Eighteen-year-old
Edgar Allan Poe, in his first published poem,
Tamerlane
(1827), rang out a challenge to his elders that could have been a battle cry for the rising generation: “I was ambitious—have you known / The passion, father? You have not.”

36.
For the culture and experiences of young men in nineteenth-century America, see especially E. Anthony Rotundo,
American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to Modern Era
(New York, 1993); as well as Howard P. Chudacoff,
The Age of the Bachelor: Creating an American Subculture
(Princeton, 1999); and Michael S. Kimmel,
Manhood in
America: A Cultural History
(New York, 2006).

37.
Whitman knew personally what it was like to be a solitary young man—and boy—in the city. When he was only about thirteen, in the early 1830s, his struggling parents moved from Brooklyn back to rural
Long Island, and Walt remained alone to seek his fortune.

38.
Early-nineteenth-century Americans above the age of fourteen consumed an average of 6.6 to 7.1 gallons of pure
alcohol each year. The average at the turn of the twenty-first century was about 2.8 gallons. Thomas R. Pegram,
Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800–1933
(Chicago, 1998), p. 7.

39.
See Thomas Augst,
The Clerk’s Tale: Young Men and Moral Life in Nineteenth-Century America
(Chicago, 2003), Introduction and chap. 1.

40.
Emerson’s lecture was reprinted in
The Dial,
April 1844.

41.
Cleveland Morning Leader,
n.d. [July 1860], Library of Congress scrapbook.

42.
Albany Evening Journal,
July 14, 1860.

43.
New York Herald,
July 15, 1860.

44.
Unidentified clipping, n.d. [July 1860], Library of Congress scrapbook.

45.
New-York Daily Tribune,
July 16, 1860.

46.
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper,
July 28, 1860.

47.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
p. 7.

48.
“Our New York Letter: The Zouaves in New York,” unidentified clipping in Library of Congress scrapbook, July 14, 1860.

49.
Ingraham,
Elmer E. Ellsworth,
p. 94; misc. clippings in Library of Congress scrapbook.

50.
“The Zouaves,” clipping in Library of Congress scrapbook, n.p., n.d.

51.
Charles Dickens, “Naval and Military Traditions in America,”
All the Year Round,
June 15, 1861.

52.
Cunliffe,
Soldiers and Civilians,
p. 245.

53.
New-York Tribune,
July 16, 1860.

54.
[John Hay], “Ellsworth,”
Atlantic Monthly,
July 1861.

55.
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper,
July 28, 1860.

56.
The simile is John Hay’s. See “Ellsworth,”
Atlantic Monthly,
July 1861.

57.
Ingraham,
Elmer E. Ellsworth,
p. 97;
Daily National Intelligencer,
Aug. 6, 1860;
Washington Star,
Aug. 6, 1860.

58.
New York Herald,
Aug. 5, 1860.

59.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
pp. 4–5; Ingraham,
Elmer E. Ellsworth,
pp. 106–07.

60.
“Springfield, Illinois,” map drawn by A. Ruger, 1867.

61.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
pp. 6–7.

62.
Quoted by Ellsworth in a letter to his fiancée, Carrie Spofford, in Ingraham,
Elmer E. Ellsworth,
p. 54.

63.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
p. 163.

64.
Ibid., pp. 163–64.

65.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
p. 174.

66.
John Hay, “A Young Hero. Personal Reminiscences of Colonel E. E. Ellsworth.”
McClure’s Magazine,
March 1896, p. 354; Stephen Berry,
House of Abraham: Lincoln and the Todds, a Family Divided by War
(Boston, 2007), pp. 55–56.

67.
Hay, “A Young Hero.”

68.
Illinois State Journal,
June 3, 1861, reprinted in Michael Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864
(Carbondale, Ill., 1998), p. 69.

69.
Chicago Tribune,
May 29, 1887.

70.
Atlantic Monthly,
July 1861.

71.
John Langdon Kaine, “Lincoln as a Boy Knew Him,”
Century Magazine,
vol. 85, no. 4 (Feb. 1913), p. 558.

72.
Kaine, “Lincoln as a Boy Knew Him,” p. 557.

73.
Philadelphia Inquirer,
Apr. 13, 1861.

74.
Randall,
Colonel Elmer Ellsworth,
pp. 221–26, citing an undated article in the
Chicago Times.

75.
Carl Schurz to his wife, Apr. 17, 1861, in
Intimate Letters of Carl Schurz, 1841 to 1869
(Evansville, Wisc., 1929).

76.
Many Union regiments in these early days of the war, and throughout the months that followed, wore gray. It wasn’t until the following year, after a few ugly incidents in which federal troops fired on their own comrades, that blue was adopted as the standard dress throughout the service. See chap. 8,
infra,
and Bell Irvin Wiley,
The Life of Billy Yank:
The Common Soldier of the Union
(Indianapolis, 1952), p. 22.

77.
Kenneth Stampp,
And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861
(Baton Rouge, 1950), p. 291;
New York Herald,
Apr. 16 and 17, 1861;
New-York Tribune,
Apr. 16, 1861; Alan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
(Seattle, 1988), p. 186. Bennett
also published a news
story denying all of the “false reports” in the local press about the riot, assuring readers that the only reason a crowd had gathered in front of the building was that New Yorkers were so eager for copies of the city’s most trusted source of news.

78.
Mary A. Livermore, “War Excitement in Chicago,” in McIlvain,
Reminiscences,
p. 68.

79.
John A. Page, “A University Volunteer,” in McIlvain,
Reminiscences,
p. 84.

80.
Chicago Tribune,
Oct. 27, 1910; “The Original Zouaves,”
Chicago Post,
n.d. [c. 1861], in New York State Military Museum clippings file, 11th New York Infantry, accessed at
www.dmna.state.ny.us
.

81.
OR,
series III, vol. 1, pp. 73, 106.

82.
Wiley,
Billy Yank,
p. 18.

83.
Michael Burlingame, ed.,
At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Correspondence and Selected Writings
(Carbondale, Ill., 2000), p. 120;
Official Records of the War of the Rebellion,
III, vol. 1, pp. 140, 77–78, 175–76. In his reply to Pug-o-na-ke-shick through a state official, Secretary Cameron cordially thanked the chief, but regretted
that “the nature of our present national troubles, forbids the use of savages.”

84.
A. M. Green, “The Colored Philadelphians Forming Regiments,” in
Letters and Discussions on the Formation of Colored Regiments, and the Duty of the Colored People in Regard to the Great Slaveholders’ Rebellion
(Philadelphia, 1862), p. 3.

85.
Harlan Hoyt Horner,
Lincoln and Greeley
(Westport, Conn., 1971), pp. 176–78.

86.
James Nye, quoted in William Harlan Hale,
Horace Greeley: Voice of the People
(New York, 1950), p. 244.

87.
Lincoln to Ellsworth, Apr. 15, 1861, in
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1953), vol. 4, p. 333.

88.
New-York Tribune,
May 25, 1861.

89.
Harper’s Weekly,
Apr. 11, 1857.

90.
A. E. Costello,
Our Firemen: A History of the New York Fire Departments, Volunteer and Paid
(New York, 1887), pp. 559–702, passim.

91.
Most
fires broke out at night, when an overturned lamp or an unattended candle could set a building aflame.

92.
Costello,
Our Firemen,
pp. 171–72; Paul C. Ditzel,
Fire Engines, Firefighters: The Men, Equipment, and Machines from the Earliest Days to the Present
(New York, 1986), pp. 65–69.

93.
Costello,
Our Firemen,
pp. 610, 588.

94.
Terry Golway,
So Others Might Live: A History of New York’s Bravest
(New York, 2002), pp. 85–91.

95.
Luc Sante,
Low Life
(New York, 1991), pp. 77–78.

96.
Costello,
Our Firemen,
pp. 125–44.

97.
New-York Tribune,
Apr. 18, 1861.

98.
Reprinted in
Milwaukee Daily Sentinel,
Apr. 22, 1861.

99.
New York Herald,
Apr. 18, 1861;
Brooklyn Eagle,
Apr. 20, 1861.

100.
New York Herald,
Apr. 19, 1861.

101.
Brooklyn Eagle,
Apr. 20, 1861;
New York Herald,
Apr. 18, 1861.

102.
New York Herald,
Apr. 30, 1861.

103.
New York Herald,
Apr. 21, 1861; James McPherson,
Battle-Cry of Freedom,
p. 327; John Hay, Apr. 20, 1861, in Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger, eds.,
Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay
(Carbondale, Ill., 1999), p. 5.