Authors: Adam Goodheart
47.
Ella Lonn, “The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War,” in A. E. Zucker, ed.,
The Forty-Eighters: Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848
(New York, 1967), pp. 186–87; Stephen D. Engle,
Yankee Dutchman: The Life of Franz Sigel
(Fayetteville, Ark., 1993), chaps. 1–2; Carl Wittke,
Refugees of Revolution: The German
Forty-Eighters in America
(Philadelphia, 1952), p. 88; Lawrence O. Christensen et al., eds.,
Dictionary of Missouri Biography
(Columbia, Mo., 1999), pp. 138–40; Henry Boernstein, ed., Steven Rowan and James Neal Primm,
Memoirs of a Nobody: The Missouri Years of an Austrian Radical
(St. Louis, 1997), pp. 4–6; Rowan and Primm,
Germans for a Free Missouri,
pp. 35–43; Ernest Kirschten,
Catfish and Crystal
(St. Louis,
1989), pp. 247–48.
48.
Anzeiger des Westens,
Dec. 17, 1860, in Rowan and Primm,
Germans for a Free Missouri,
p. 147; Kirschten,
Catfish and Crystal,
p. 245;
Missouri Republican
[St. Louis], Nov. 4, 1860. Confusingly, St. Louis’s leading Democratic newspaper was called the
Missouri Republican,
while its leading Republican paper was called the
Missouri Democrat.
49.
Rowan and Primm,
Germans for a Free Missouri,
pp. 27–28;
Anzeiger des Westens,
May 24, 1860, in ibid., p. 113.
50.
James Peckham,
Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, and Missouri in 1861
(New York, 1866), p. xiii.
51.
Anzeiger des Westens,
Oct. 29, 1860, in Rowan and Primm,
Germans for a Free Missouri,
p. 136;
San Francisco Bulletin,
Oct. 19, 1860; Bruce Levine, “Immigrants, Class, and Politics: German-American Working People and the Fight Against Slavery,” in Charlotte L. Brancaforte, ed.,
The German Forty-Eighters in the United States
(New York, 1989), p. 131.
52.
Elbert B. Smith,
Francis Preston Blair
(New York, 1980), pp. 245–47;
Speech of Hon. Francis P. Blair, Jr., of Missouri, on the Acquisition of Central America
(Washington, D.C., 1858).
53.
Missouri Republican,
Dec. 25, 1860, Feb. 13 and 25, Mar. 2, 1861; Gerteis,
Civil War St. Louis,
pp. 79–80; Phillips,
Damned Yankee,
pp. 136–37; Boernstein,
Memoirs of a Nobody,
pp. 275–76; Engle,
Yankee Dutchman,
p. 52; Peckham,
Gen. Nathaniel Lyon,
pp. 36–38.
54.
Gerteis,
Civil War St. Louis,
p. 85; Basil W. Duke,
The Civil War Reminiscences of General Basil W. Duke, C.S.A.
(New York, 2001), pp. 37–38; Boernstein,
Memoirs of a Nobody,
p. 269.
55.
Missouri Republican,
Nov. 4, 1860 and Jan. 20 and Feb. 13, 1861.
56.
Herr,
Jessie Benton Frémont,
p. 312.
57.
Ibid., pp. 310–15; Denton,
Passion and Principle,
pp. 484–85; Nevins,
Pathmarker,
p. 468; JBF to Elizabeth Blair Lee, June 14, 1860, in Herr and Spence,
Letters,
pp. 229–31; JBF, “A Home Found, and Lost.”
58.
Hershel Parker,
Herman Melville: A Biography,
vol. 2 (Baltimore, 2002), pp. 449–50; Gary Scharnhorst,
Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West
(Norman, Okla., 2000), pp. 16–20; JBF to Thomas Starr King, Jan. 16, 1861, in Herr and Spence,
Letters,
pp. 233–34; Catherine Coffin Phillips,
Jessie Benton Frémont: A
Woman Who Made History
(San Francisco, 1935), pp. 231–32; JBF,
Souvenirs,
pp. 204–05; Denton,
Passion and Principle,
pp. 280–81; Elizabeth B. Frémont,
Recollections of Elizabeth Benton Frémont, Daughter of the Pathfinder John C. Frémont and Jessie Benton Frémont His Wife
(New York, 1912), p. 119.
59.
John D. Baltz,
Hon. Edward D. Baker, U.S. Senator from Oregon
(Lancaster, Pa., 1888), pp. 9–10.
60.
San Francisco Bulletin,
Oct. 18 and 27, 1860.
61.
Herr,
Jessie Benton Frémont,
p. 316; Scharnhorst,
Bret Harte,
pp. 17–18. Scharnhorst also says that Harte was “waving the Stars and Stripes” during his outburst, although the newspaper account does not mention this.
62.
Mrs. Frémont herself said as much in an 1864 letter, though many attributed the original quotation to Winfield Scott; others to Lincoln himself. It might not have been literally true (and if either Scott or Lincoln ever made the remark, no written evidence of it survives). See Edwin P. Whipple,
Substance and Show, and Other Lectures, by Thomas Starr King,
p. xviii, etc. (Lincoln);
Cincinnati Daily Gazette,
Nov. 6, 1876 (Scott).
63.
Robert Monzingo,
Thomas Starr King: Eminent Californian, Civil War Statesman, Unitarian Minister
(Pacific Grove, Calif., 1991), pp. 32–33, 58; Herr,
Jessie Benton Frémont,
pp. 314–15; JBF, “A Home Found, and Lost.”
64.
Charles Wendte,
Thomas Starr King, Patriot and Preacher
(Boston, 1921), pp. 1–10; William Day Simonds,
Starr King in California
(San Francisco, n.d.), pp. 5–8.
65.
Wendte,
Thomas Starr King,
passim; Richard Peterson, “Thomas Starr King in California, 1860–64: Forgotten Naturalist of the Civil War Years,”
California History,
vol. 69, no. 1 (Spring 1990), pp. 12–21; Kevin Starr,
Americans
and the California Dream, 1850–1915
(New York, 1986), pp.
97–105. King read
Walden
in an advance proof in 1855; he praised its concluding section for “being more weird and winding further into the awful vitalities of nature than any writing I have yet seen” (Wendte, p. 46).
66.
King did not
entirely
leave New England behind: he crossed the steaming Isthmus of Panama laden with a monstrous baggage train that contained, among other things, overcoats, shawls, bottles of cider, pots of pickled oysters, and bundles of sermons. Wendte,
Thomas Starr King,
p. 78.
67.
Ibid., p. 69.
68.
Shortly after his arrival in California, he wrote: “Early in May, in New England, people hunt for flowers. A bunch of violets, or a sprig or two of brilliant color, intermixed with green, is a sufficient trophy of a tramp that chills you, damps your feet, and possibly leaves the seed of consumption. Here they have flowers in May, not shy, but rampant, as if nothing
else had the right to be; flowers by the acre, flowers by the square mile, flowers as the visible carpet of an immense mountain wall. You can gather them in clumps, a dozen varieties at a pull. You can fill a bushel basket in five minutes.” TSK, “Picture of California in Spring-Time—Around the Bay,” in Oscar T. Shuck, comp.,
The California Scrap-Book
(San Francisco, 1869), pp. 47–50.
69.
Wendte,
Thomas Starr King,
pp. 84–85; TSK, “A Vacation Among the Sierras—No. 2,” in John Adam Hussey, ed.,
A Vacation Among the Sierras: Yosemite in 1860
(San Francisco, 1962); Denton,
Passion and Principle,
p. 282. Oliver Wendell Holmes and John G. Whittier both wrote to King in California to praise his
Transcript
letters.
70.
JBF, “A Home Found, and Lost”; Phillips,
Damned Yankee,
p. 231; Denton,
Passion and Principle,
p. 282.
71.
TSK, “Selections from a Lecture-Sermon After Visiting Yosemite Valley, Delivered in San Francisco, July 29, 1860,” in
The California Scrap-Book,
p. 457.
72.
See, e.g., TSK,
The Organization of Liberty on the Western Continent, an Oration Delivered … July 5th, 1852
(Boston, 1892), pp. 10–12; also Wendt, pp. 25–26.
73.
Wendte,
Thomas Starr King,
p. 185; Herr,
Jessie Benton Frémont,
p. 316; JBF, “Distinguished Persons I Have Known: Starr King,”
New York Ledger,
Mar. 6, 1875.
74.
San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin,
Feb. 23, 1861.
75.
Sacramento Union,
Feb. 25, 1861; Monzingo, pp. 71–74; Wendte,
Thomas Starr King,
pp. 159–60.
76.
TSK to Randolph Ryer, Mar. 10, 1861, in TSK Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California; Herr, p. 317.
77.
Starr,
Americans and the California Dream,
p. 103; JBF, “Distinguished Persons I Have Known: Starr King”; Monzingo,
Thomas Starr King,
p. 74.
78.
TSK, “Daniel Webster,” in Whipple,
Substance and Show,
p. 302; Wendte,
Thomas Starr King,
p. 162;
New York Times,
May 13, 1861.
79.
Charles P. Roland,
Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics
(Austin, Tex., 1964), pp. 245–46; Wilkins,
The Great Diamond Hoax,
p. 24.
80.
JBF, “Distinguished Persons I Have Known: Starr King”; Herr,
Jessie Benton Frémont,
p. 319.
81.
Chaffin,
Pathfinder,
p. 453.
82.
Starr,
Americans and the California Dream,
p. 99.
83.
In their private correspondence as published by Herr and Spence, the two continued to address one another as “Mrs. Frémont” and “Mr. King.” On the other hand, when Jessie—during her husband’s lifetime—published an article about her friendship with King, she quoted a letter to her that he signed, “Believe me to
be to the brim and overflowingly, Yours, T.S.K.” Could the worldly Mrs. Frémont possibly have failed to consider what some readers might make of this? Was she flaunting his devotion in the faces of her husband, King’s family, and the general public, perversely daring them to accuse her and the sainted clergyman of adultery? Or was this, in a sense, her own tribute to the chastity they had maintained despite the confluence of attraction and opportunity? We may
never know. Herr and Spence,
Letters,
passim; JBF, “Distinguished Persons I Have Known: Starr King.”
84.
Edwin P. Whipple, ed.,
Christianity and Humanity: A Series of Sermons by Thomas Starr King
(Boston, 1877), p. xlv; JBF to William Armstrong, June 10, 1861, Anderson Family Papers, Kansas State Historical Society; JBF to the Editors of the
Alta California,
Feb. 26, 1861, in Herr and Spence, eds.,
Letters,
pp. 235–37.
85.
JBF, “Distinguished Persons I Have Known: Starr King”; Ralph Waldo Emerson to TSK, Nov. 7, 1862, quoted in J. A. Wagner, “The Oratory of Thomas Starr King,”
California Historical Society Quarterly,
vol. 33, no. 3 (Sept. 1954), p. 225.
86.
Denton,
Passion and Principle,
p. 291.
87.
San Francisco Bulletin,
Apr. 20, 1861;
Sacramento Union,
May 4, 1861.
88.
White,
A Yankee Trader,
pp. 187–88.
89.
JBF to William Armstrong, June 10, 1861, in Anderson Family Papers, Kansas State Historical Society; Denton,
Passion and Principle,
pp. 290–91.
90.
Duke,
Civil War Reminiscences,
p. 39.
91.
William C. Winter,
Civil War in St. Louis: A Guided Tour
(St. Louis, 1994), pp. 31–32.
92.
Peckham,
Gen. Nathaniel Lyon,
pp. 82–83; Winter,
Civil War in St. Louis,
p. 33; Duke,
Civil War Reminiscences,
p. 41.
93.
Ryle,
Missouri,
p. 175;
Journal of the Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention, Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis, March, 1861
(St. Louis, 1861), p. 244; Phillips,
Damned Yankee,
p. 148.
94.
The full rationale is revealed in Duke’s
Civil War Reminiscences,
pp. 37–42. Duke was among the secessionist leaders inside the mansion.
95.
Winter,
Civil War in St. Louis,
pp. 38–9; Gerteis,
Civil War St. Louis,
pp. 82ff.; Phillips,
Damned Yankee,
p. 138.
96.
Phillips,
Damned Yankee,
pp. 88–89;
Last Political Writings of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, U.S.A.
(New York, 1861), p. 192; Stephen B. Oates, “Nathaniel Lyon: A Personality Profile,”
Civil War Illustrated,
vol. 6, no. 10 (Feb. 1968), pp. 15ff.; Franklin A. Dick, “Memorandum of Matters in Missouri in 1861,” Franklin A. Dick Papers, LC.
97.
William A. Hammond, “Brigadier-General Nathaniel Lyon, U.S.A.—Personal Recollections,”
Magazine of American History,
vol. 12, no. 3 (March 1885), pp. 240–48; Oates, “Nathaniel Lyon,” p. 15; Phillips,
Damned Yankee,
p. 133.
98.
Gerteis,
Civil War St. Louis,
p. 87.
99.
Frank P. Blair to Simon Cameron, Mar. 11, 1861; War Department Special Orders No. 74, Mar. 13, 1861; both in
OR
I, pp. 656–58;
Missouri Democrat,
Mar. 31, 1861.
100.
Boernstein,
Memoirs of a Nobody,
pp. 268–72;
Missouri Democrat,
Apr. 15, 1861; Arenson,
Great Heart,
pp. 113–15.
101.
Rowan and Primm,
Germans for a Free Missouri,
p. 179.
102.
Phillips,
Damned Yankee,
pp. 132, 156; Gerteis,
Civil War St. Louis,
p. 93.
103.
Mark Twain, “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed”; Susan Staker Lehr, ed.,
As the Mockingbird Sang: The Civil War Diary of Pvt. Robert Caldwell Dunlap, C.S.A.
(St. Joseph, Mo., 2005), p. 19.
104.
Susannah Ural Bruce, “ ‘Remember Your Country and Keep Its Credit’: Irish Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865,”
Journal of Military History,
vol. 69, no. 2 (April 2005), pp. 332, 338; “Excerpts from
The Autobiography of August Bondi
(
1833–1907
),”
Yearbook for
German-American Studies,
vol. 40 (2005), p. 152.