A People's History of the United States (105 page)

This book, written in a few years, is based on twenty years of teaching and research in American history, and as many years of involvement in social movements. But it could not have been written without the work of several generations of scholars, and especially the current generation of historians who have done immense work in the history of blacks, Indians, women, and working people of all kinds. It also could not have been written without the work of many people, not professional historians, who were stimulated by the social struggles around them to put together material about the lives and activities of ordinary people trying to make a better world, or just trying to survive.

To indicate every source of information in the text would have meant a book impossibly cluttered with footnotes, and yet I know the curiosity of the reader about where a startling fact or pungent quote comes from. Therefore, as often as I can, I mention in the text authors and titles of books for which the full information is in this bibliography. Where you cannot tell the source of a quotation right from the text, you can probably figure it out by looking at the asterisked books for that chapter. The asterisked books are those I found especially useful and often indispensable.

I have gone through the following standard scholarly periodicals:
American Historical Review, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Journal of American History, Journal of Southern History, Journal of Negro History, Labor History, William and Mary Quarterly, Phylon, The Crisis, American Political Science Review, Journal of Social History.

Also, some less orthodox but important periodicals for a work like this:
Monthly Review, Science and Society, Radical America, Akwesasne Notes, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, The Black Scholar, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, The Review of Radical Political Economics, Socialist Revolution, Radical History Review.

• Brandon, William.
  The Last Americans: The Indian in American Culture.
  New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
  
• *Collier, John.
  Indians of the Americas.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1947.
  
• *de las Casas, Bartolomé.
  History of the Indies.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
  
• *Jennings, Francis.
  The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest.
  Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
  
• *Koning, Hans.
  Columbus: His Enterprise.
  New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976.
  
• *Morgan, Edmund S.
  American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1975.
  
• Morison, Samuel Eliot.
  Admiral of the Ocean Sea.
  Boston: Little, Brown, 1942.
  
• ______.
  Christopher Columbus, Mariner.
  Boston: Little, Brown, 1955.
  
• *Nash, Gary B.
  Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America.
  Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
  
• Vogel, Virgil, ed.
  This Country Was Ours.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
  

• *Aptheker, Herbert, ed.
  A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States.
  Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel, 1974.
  
• Boskin, Joseph.
  Into Slavery: Radical Decisions in the Virginia Colony.
  Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1966.
  
• Catterall, Helen.
  Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro.
  5 vols. Washington, Negro University Press, 1937.
  
• Davidson, Basil.
  The African Slave Trade.
  Boston: Little, Brown, 1961.
  
• Donnan, Elizabeth, ed.
  Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America.
  4 vols. New York: Octagon, 1965.
  
• Elkins, Stanley.
  Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life.
  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
  
• Federal Writers Project.
  The Negro in Virginia.
  New York: Arno, 1969.
  
• Franklin, John Hope.
  From Slavery to Freedom: A History of American Negroes.
  New York: Knopf, 1974.
  
• *Jordan, Winthrop.
  White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812.
  Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.
  
• *Morgan, Edmund S.
  American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1975.
  
• Mullin, Gerald.
  Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia.
  New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
  
• Mullin, Michael, ed.
  American Negro Slavery: A Documentary History.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
  
• Phillips, Ulrich B.
  American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime.
  Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966.
  
• Redding, J. Saunders.
  They Came in Chains.
  Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1973.
  
• Stampp, Kenneth M.
  The Peculiar Institution.
  New York: Knopf, 1956.
  
• Tannenbaum, Frank.
  Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas.
  New York: Random House, 1963.
  

• Andrews, Charles, ed.
  Narratives of the Insurrections 1675–1690.
  New York: Barnes & Noble, 1915.
  
• *Bridenbaugh, Carl.
  Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America.
  New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
  
• Henretta, James. “Economic Development and Social Structure in Colonial Boston.”
  William and Mary Quarterly,
  3rd Series, Vol. 22, January 1965.
  
• Herrick, Cheesman.
  White Servitude in Pennsylvania: Indentured and Redemption Labor in Colony and Commonwealth.
  Washington: Negro University Press, 1926.
  
• Hofstadter, Richard.
  America at 1750: A Social History.
  New York: Knopf, 1971.
  
• Hofstadter, Richard, and Wallace, Michael, eds.
  American Violence: A Documentary History.
  New York: Knopf, 1970.
  
• Mohl, Raymond.
  Poverty in New York, 1783–1825.
  New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
  
• *Morgan, Edward S.
  American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1975.
  
• *Morris, Richard B.
  Government and Labor in Early America.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
  
• *Nash, Gary B., ed.
  Class and Society in Early America.
  Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
  
• *______.
  Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America.
  Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1974.
  
• *______. “Social Change and the Growth of Prerevolutionary Urban Radicalism,”
  The American Revolution,
  ed. Alfred Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• *Smith, Abbot E.
  Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.
  
• *Washburn, Wilcomb E.
  The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1972.
  

• Bailyn, Bernard, and Garrett, N., eds.
  Pamphlets of the American Revolution.
  Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
  
• Becker, Carl.
  The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas.
  New York: Random House, 1958.
  
• Brown, Richard Maxwell. “Violence and the American Revolution,”
  Essays on the American Revolution,
  ed. Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
  
• Countryman, Edward, “ ‘Out of the Bounds of the Law': Northern Land Rioters in the Eighteenth Century,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• Ernst, Joseph. “ ‘Ideology' and an Economic Interpretation of the Revolution,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• Foner, Eric. “Tom Paine's Republic: Radical Ideology and Social Change,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• Fox-Bourne, H. R.
  The Life of John Locke,
  2 vols. New York: King, 1876.
  
• Greene, Jack P. “An Uneasy Connection: An Analysis of the Preconditions of the American Revolution,”
  Essays on the American Revolution,
  ed. Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
  
• Hill, Christopher.
  Puritanism and Revolution.
  New York: Schocken, 1964.
  
• *Hoerder, Dirk. “Boston Leaders and Boston Crowds, 1765–1776,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• Lemisch, Jesse. “Jack Tar in the Streets: Merchant Seamen in the Politics of Revolutionary America,”
  William and Mary Quarterly,
  July 1968.
  
• Maier, Pauline.
  From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776.
  New York: Knopf, 1972.
  

• Aptheker, Herbert, ed.
  A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States.
  Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1974.
  
• Bailyn, Bernard. “Central Themes of the Revolution,”
  Essays on the American Revolution,
  ed. Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
  
• ______.
  The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution.
  Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967.
  
• *Beard, Charles.
  An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.
  New York: Macmillan, 1935.
  
• Berlin, Ira. “The Negro in the American Revolution,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• Berthoff, Rowland, and Murrin, John. “Feudalism, Communalism, and the Yeoman Freeholder,
  Essays on the American Revolution,
  ed. Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
  
• Brown, Robert E.
  Charles Beard and the Constitution.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.
  
• Degler, Carl.
  Out of Our Past.
  Harper & Row, 1970.
  
• Henderson, H. James. “The Structure of Politics in the Continental Congress,”
  Essays on the American Revolution,
  ed. Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
  
• *Hoffman, Ronald. “The ‘Disaffected' in the Revolutionary South,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• Jennings, Francis. “The Indians' Revolution,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• Levy, Leonard W.
  Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
  
• *Lynd, Staughton.
  Anti-Federalism in Dutchess County, New York.
  Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1962.
  
• ______.
  Class Conflict, Slavery, and the Constitution.
  Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.
  
• ______. “Freedom Now: The Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  
• McLoughlin, William G. “The Role of Religion in the Revolution,”
  Essays on the American Revolution,
  ed. Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
  
• Morgan, Edmund S. “Conflict and Consensus in Revolution,”
  Essays on the American Revolution,
  ed. Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973.
  
• Morris, Richard B. “We the People of the United States.” Presidential address, American Historical Association, 1976.
  
• *Shy, John.
  A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence.
  New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
  
• Smith, Page.
  A New Age Now Begins: A People's History of the American Revolution.
  New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
  
• Starkey, Marion.
  A Little Rebellion.
  New York: Knopf, 1949.
  
• Van Doren, Carl.
  Mutiny in January.
  New York: Viking, 1943.
  
• *Young, Alfred, ed.
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism.
  DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  

• Barker-Benfield, G. J.
  The Horrors of the Half-Known Life.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
  
• *Baxandall, Rosalyn, Gordon, Linda, and Reverby, Susan, eds.
  America's Working Women.
  New York: Random House, 1976.
  
• *Cott, Nancy.
  The Bonds of Womanhood.
  New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
  
• *———, ed.
  Root of Bitterness.
  New York: Dutton, 1972.
  
• Farb, Peter. “The Pueblos of the Southwest,”
  Women in American Life,
  ed. Anne Scott. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.
  
• *Flexner, Eleanor.
  A Century of Struggle.
  Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975.
  
• Gordon, Ann, and Buhle, Mary Jo. “Sex and Class in Colonial and Nineteenth-Century America,”
  Liberating Women's History,
  ed. Berenice Carroll. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975.
  
• *Lerner, Gerda, ed.
  The Female Experience: An American Documentary.
  Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977.
  
• Sandoz, Mari. “These Were the Sioux,”
  Women in American Life,
  ed. Anne Scott. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.
  
• Spruill, Julia Cherry.
  Women's Life and Work in the Southern Colonies.
  Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1938.
  
• Tyler, Alice Felt.
  Freedom's Ferment.
  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1944.
  
• Vogel, Lise. “Factory Tracts,”
  Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society,
  Spring 1976.
  
• Welter, Barbara.
  Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century.
  Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1976.
  
• Wilson, Joan Hoff. “The Illusion of Change: Women in the American Revolution,”
  The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism,
  ed. Alfred F. Young. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.