A People's History of the United States (108 page)

• Allen, Robert.
  Black Awakening in Capitalist America.
  Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1969.
  
• Bontemps, Arna, ed.
  American Negro Poetry.
  New York: Hill & Wang, 1974.
  
• Broderick, Francis, and Meier, August.
  Black Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century.
  Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.
  
• Cloward, Richard A., and Piven, Frances F.
  Poor People's Movements.
  New York: Pantheon, 1977.
  
• Conot, Robert.
  Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness.
  New York: Morrow, 1968.
  
• Cullen, Countee.
  On These I Stand.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1947.
  
• Herndon, Angelo. “You Cannot Kill the Working Class,”
  Black Protest,
  ed. Joanne Grant. New York: Fawcett, 1975.
  
• Huggins, Nathan I.
  Harlem Renaissance.
  New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
  
• Hughes, Langston.
  Selected Poems of Langston Hughes.
  New York: Knopf, 1959.
  
• Lerner, Gerda, ed.
  Black Women in White America: A Documentary History.
  New York: Random House, 1977.
  
• Malcolm X.
  Malcolm X Speaks.
  New York: Meret, 1965.
  
• Navasky, Victor.
  Kennedy Justice.
  New York: Atheneum, 1977.
  
• Perkus, Cathy, ed.
  Cointelpro: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom.
  New York: Monad Press, 1976.
  
• Wright, Richard.
  Black Boy.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1937.
  
• Zinn, Howard.
  Postwar America: 1945–1971.
  Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973.
  
• ______.
  SNCC: The New Abolitionists.
  Boston: Beacon Press, 1964.
  

• *Branfman, Fred.
  Voices from the Plain of Jars.
  New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
  
• Green, Philip, and Levinson, Sanford.
  Power and Community: Dissenting Essays in Political Science.
  New York: Pantheon, 1970.
  
• Hersch, Seymour.
  My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath.
  New York: Random House, 1970.
  
• Kovic, Ron.
  Born on the Fourth of July.
  New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
  
• Lipsitz, Lewis. “On Political Belief: The Grievances of the Poor,”
  Power and Community: Dissenting Essays in Political Science,
  ed. Philip Green and Sanford Levinson. New York: Pantheon, 1970.
  
• Modigliani, Andrew. “Hawks and Doves, Isolationism and Political Distrust: An Analysis of Public Opinion on Military Policy,”
  American Political Science Review,
  September 1972.
  
• Pentagon Papers.
  4 vols. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.
  
• Pike, Douglas.
  Viet Cong.
  Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966.
  
• Schell, Jonathan.
  The Village of Ben Suc.
  New York: Knopf, 1967.
  
• Zinn, Howard.
  Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal.
  Boston: Beacon Press, 1967.
  

• Akwesasne Notes.
  Voices from Wounded Knee, 1973.
  Mohawk Nation, Rooseveltown, N.Y.: Akwesasne Notes, 1974.
  
• Baxandall, Rosalyn, Gordon, Linda, and Reverby, Susan, eds.
  America's Working Women.
  New York: Random House, 1976.
  
• Benston, Margaret. “The Political Economy of Women's Liberation,”
  Monthly Review,
  Fall 1969.
  
• Boston Women's Health Book Collective.
  Our Bodies, Ourselves.
  New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976.
  
• Brandon, William.
  The Last Americans.
  McGraw-Hill, 1974.
  
• *Brown, Dee.
  Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.
  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
  
• Brownmiller, Susan.
  Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape.
  New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975.
  
• Coles, Robert.
  Children of Crisis.
  Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.
  
• Cottle, Thomas J.
  Children in Jail.
  Boston: Beacon Press, 1977.
  
• The Council on Interracial Books for Children, ed.
  Chronicles of American Indian Protest.
  New York: Fawcett, 1971.
  
• Deloria, Vine, Jr.
  Custer Died for Your Sins.
  New York: Macmillan, 1969.
  
• ______.
  We Talk, You Listen.
  New York: Macmillan, 1970.
  
• Firestone, Shulamith.
  The Dialectics of Sex.
  New York: Bantam, 1970.
  

• Blair, John M.
  The Control of Oil.
  New York: Pantheon, 1977.
  
• Dommergues, Pierre. “L'Essor Du conservatisme Americain,”
  Le Monde Diplomatique,
  May 1978.
  
• *Evans, Les, and Myers, Allen.
  Watergate and the Myth of American Democracy.
  New York: Pathfinder Press, 1974.
  
• Frieden, Jess. “The Trilateral Commission,”
  Monthly Review,
  December 1977.
  
• Gardner, Richard.
  Alternative America: A Directory of 5000 Alternative Lifestyle Groups and Organizations.
  Cambridge: Richard Gardner, 1976.
  
• Glazer, Nathan, and Kristol, Irving.
  The American Commonwealth 1976.
  New York: Basic Books, 1976.
  
• New York Times.
  The Watergate Hearings.
  Bantam, 1973.
  
• *U.S., Congress, Senate Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities.
  Hearings.
  94th Congress. 1976.
  

• Barlett, Donald, and Steele, James.
  America: What Went Wrong
  ? Kansas City: Andrews & McMeel, 1992.
  
• Barlett, Donald, and Steele, James.
  America: Who Really Pays the Taxes
  ? New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
  
• Chomsky, Noam.
  World Orders Old and New.
  New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
  
• Croteau, David, and Hoynes, William.
  By Invitation Only: How the Media Limit the Political Debate.
  Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994.
  
• Danaher, Kevin, ed.
  50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank.
  Boston: South End Press, 1994.
  
• Derber, Charles.
  Money, Murder and the American Dream.
  Boston: Faber & Faber, 1992.
  
• Edsall, Thomas and Mary.
  Chain Reaction.
  New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.
  
• Ehrenreich, Barbara.
  The Worst Years of Our Lives.
  New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
  
• Greider, William.
  Who Will Tell the People
  ? New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
  
• Grover, William F.
  The President as Prisoner.
  Albany: State University of New York, 1989.
  
• Hellinger, Daniel, and Judd, Dennis.
  The Democratic Facade.
  Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1991.
  
• Hofstadter, Richard.
  The American Political Tradition.
  New York: Vintage, 1974.
  
• Kozol, Jonathan.
  Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools.
  New York: Crown Publishers, 1991.
  
• Piven, Frances Fox, and Cloward, Richard.
  Regulating the Poor.
  New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
  
• Rosenberg, Gerald N.
  The Hollow Hope.
  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
  
• Savage, David.
  Turning Right: The Making of the Rehnquist Supreme Court.
  New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992.
  
• Sexton, Patricia Cayo.
  The War on Labor and the Left.
  Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.
  
• Shalom, Stephen.
  Imperial Alibis.
  Boston: South End Press, 1993.
  

• Ewen, Alexander, ed.
  Voice of Indigenous Peoples.
  Santa Fe, New Mexico: Clear Light Publishers, 1994.
  
• Grover, William, and Peschek, Joseph, ed.
  Voices of Dissent.
  New York: HarperCollins, 1993.
  
• Loeb, Paul.
  Generations at the Crossroads.
  New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1994.
  
• Lofland, John.
  Polite Protesters: The American Peace Movement of the 1980s.
  Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993.
  
• Lynd, Staughton and Alice.
  Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History.
  Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1995.
  
• Martinez, Elizabeth, ed.
  500 Years of Chicano History.
  Albuquerque: Southwest Organizing Project, 1991.
  
• Piven, Frances, and Cloward, Richard.
  Why Americans Don't Vote.
  New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
  
• Vanneman, Reeve, and Cannon, Lynn.
  The American Perception of Class.
  Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.
  
• note: Much of the material in this chapter comes from my own files of social action by organizations around the country, from my collection of news clippings, and from publications outside the mainstream, including:
  The Nation. In These Times, The Nuclear Resister, Peacework, The Resist Newsletter, Rethinking Schools, Indigenous Thought.
  

• Bryan, C. D. B.
  Friendly Fire.
  New York: Putnam, 1976.
  
• Levin, Murray B.
  The Alienated Voter.
  New York: Irvington, 1971.
  
• Warren, Donald I.
  The Radical Center: Middle America and the Politics of Alienation.
  Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1976.
  
• Weizenbaum, Joseph.
  Computer Power and Human Reason.
  San Francisco: Freeman, 1976.
  

• Bagdikian, Ben.
  The Media Monopoly.
  Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
  
• Chomsky, Noam.
  World Orders, Old and New.
  New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
  
• Dowd, Doug.
  Blues for America.
  New York: Monthly Review Press, 1997.
  
• Garrow, David.
  Bearing the Cross.
  New York: Morrow, 1986.
  
• Greider, William.
  One World or Not.
  New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
  
• Kuttner, Robert.
  Everything for Sale.
  New York: Knopf, 1997.
  
• Smith, Sam.
  Shadows of Hope: A Freethinker's Guide to Politics in the Time of Clinton.
  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
  
• Solomon, Norman.
  False Hope: The Politics of Illusion in the Clinton Era.
  Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994.
  
• The State of America's Children.
  Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, 1994.
  
• Tirman, John.
  Spoils of War: The Human Cost of the Arms Trade.
  New York: Free Press, 1997.
  

• Ahmad, Eqbal.
  Terrorism, Theirs and Ours.
  (Interviews with David Barsamian). New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001.
  
• Brecher, Jeremy, Costello, Tim, and Smith, Brendan.
  Globalization from Below
  . Boston: South End Press, 2002.
  
• Chomsky, Noam.
  9-11
  . New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.
  
• Ehrenreich, Barbara.
  Nickeled and Dimed
  . New York: Henry Holt, 2001.
  
• Kaplan, Daniel.
  The Accidental President.
  New York: HarperCollins, 2000.
  
• Lapham, Lewis.
  Theater of War
  . New York: The New Press, 2002.
  
• Nader, Ralph.
  Crashing the Party
  . New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001.
  
• Zinn, Howard.
  Terrorism and War.
  (Interviews with Anthony Arnove)
  .
  New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.
  

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

• abolitionists, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 155, 181–90
  passim
  
• abortion, 574
  
• Abrams, Elliot, 586, 590
  
• Acheson, Dean, 438
  
• activism, after 1960s, 565
  
• Adamic, Louis, 399–400
  
• Adams, Henry, 258–59
  
• Adams, John, 67, 68, 70, 77, 100, 109, 110
  
• Adams, Mrs. John (Abigail), 109–10
  
• Adams, John Quincy, 130, 132, 153
  
• Adams, Samuel, 60, 61, 66, 93, 95
  
• affirmative action, 574
  
• Afghanistan, 572, 604–05, 659, 678–81
  
• Africa, 363, 429–30
  
  • black civilization and culture, 26–27, 28
    
  • economic importance, 569
    
  • slavery and slave trade, 26, 27–28, 32
    
• African National Congress, 608
  
• Agency for International Development (AID), 569, 658
  
• Agnew, Spiro, 544, 545
  
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 393, 397
  
• Alabama, Indians in, 127, 128, 133, 136, 137, 141–43
  
• Albright, Madeleine, 659, 666
  
• Aldrich, Nelson W., 351
  
• Allan, Robert, 291
  
• Allen, Ethan, 63
  
• Allen, Robert, 465
  
• Allende, Salvadore, 548, 554
  
• Alliance for Progress, 438
  
• Alperovitz, Gar, 423
  
• Al Qaeda, 678
  
• alternative media, 624–25
  
• American Anti-Slavery Society, 119, 155
  
• American Civil Liberties Union, 436
  
• American colonies, 12–17, 21, 23–25, 29–58
  
  • banking and finance, 70, 90, 91–92, 93, 97
    
  • business and industry, 48, 49, 51, 52, 65, 84
    
  • children, 43, 44, 49, 55
    
  • indentured servants 42–47, 23, 25, 32, 37, 42–47
    
  • slavery, 23, 27–38
    passim
    , 43, 46, 49, 11, 53–58
    passim,
    72, 103, 105–06
    
  • rebellions, 32–38
    passim,
    53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 72
    
  • taxation, 39, 40, 41, 48, 52, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 109
    
  • women, 43, 44, 49, 72, 73, 102, 104–11
    passim
    
  • see also
    Revolutionary War
    
• American Federation of Labor (AFL), 251, 269, 306, 307, 328–30, 335, 352, 377, 380, 381, 385, 399, 401, 417
  
• American Indian Movement (AIM), 534
  
• American Revolution,
  see
  Revolutionary War
  
• American Tobacco Company, 254, 260, 310
  
• American with Disabilities Act, 629
  
• Ames, Oakes, 255
  
• Amherst, Jeffrey, 87
  
• Anderson, John, 611
  
• Angola, 618
  
• Anthony, Susan, 342–43
  
• Anti-Imperialist League, 311, 314–15, 317
  
• antinuclear movement, 601–05
  passim
  
• Aptheker, Herbert, 36, 174, 176, 194, 209
  
• Arab-Americans, 600, 680
  
• Arawak Indians, 1–7
  passim,
  9, 10, 11
  
• Armour, Philip, 255
  
• Armour and Company, 309
  
• Aspin, Les, 584, 652
  
• Astor, John Jacob, 305
  
• Astor family, 238, 242
  
• Atlantic Charter, 412
  
• Attica prison riot, 520–21, 523
  
• Attucks, Crispus, 67
  
• Avillo, Philip, 621–22
  
• Aziz, Tariq, 596
  
• Aztecs, 11–12
  
• Bacon, Nathaniel, 39, 40–41
  
• Bacon, Robert, 351
  
• Bacon's Rebellion, 37, 39–42, 45, 54, 55, 59
  
• Badillo, Herman, 566
  
• Baez, Joan, 537
  
• Bagley, William, 263
  
• Bailyn, Bernard, 101
  
• Baker, Ella, 404
  
• Baker, James, 596
  
• Baker, Polly, 107
  
• Baldwin, Hanson, 422
  
• Baldwin, Samuel, 52
  
• Ball, George, 561
  
• Ballard, Martha Moore, 111
  
• Baltimore, Lord, 84
  
• Baltimore (Md.), 88, 222–23, 245, 246
  
• Bancroft, George, 90
  
• banking and economy, 101, 130, 189, 206, 224, 238, 242, 254–58
  passim,
  277, 284, 287
  
  • Colonial era; 70, 90, 91–92, 93, 97
    
  • crises and depressions, 224, 225, 242–43, 260, 277–78, 323, 386–94
    
  • foreign investment capital, 427, 561
    
  • international regulation, 349, 414, 561
    
• Banneker, Benjamin, 89
  
• Barbados, 44
  
• Barbot, John, 28
  
• Barnet, Richard, 427
  
• Barlett, Donald, 580
  
• Barsamian, David, 624–25, 671
  
• Baruch, Bernard, 363
  
• Beard, Charles, 90–91, 98, 371
  
• Beecher, Catharine, 116
  
• Beecher, William, 605
  
• Belcher, Andrew, 51
  
• Bellamy, Edward, 264, 278
  
• Bellush, Bernard, 392–93
  
• Belmont, August, 246, 256
  
• Benavidez, Roy, 578
  
• Benin, 26
  
• Benjamin, Judah, 195
  
• Bennett, Gwendolyn, 445–46
  
• Bennett, William, 629
  
• Benston, Margaret, 506
  
• Berger, Victor, 353
  
• Berkeley, William, 41, 42, 44
  
• Berkman, Alexander, 272, 277, 321, 372, 375
  
• Bernstein, Barton, 392
  
• Bernstein, Carl, 545
  
• Berrigan, Daniel, 488–89, 602
  
• Berrigan, Philip, 488, 601, 602
  
• Berthoff, Rowland, 84
  
• Beveridge, Albert, 299
  
• Billings, Warren, 359
  
• Bingham, Eula, 575
  
• bin Laden, Osama, 678, 679
  
• Blackett, P. M. S., 423
  
• Black Hawk, 130–31
  
• Black Panthers, 461, 463, 464, 542, 547, 555
  
• blacks, 9
  
  • civil rights after Civil War, 198–210
    passim
    
• Clinton and, 645
  
  • Colonial era, 57, 77, 80, 82, 88
    
  • Constitution, 14th Amendment, 202, 204, 260–61, 449, 526
    
  • Declaration of Independence, 72–73, 88
    
  • demonstrations and protests (1950s and 1960s), 443, 450–67, 500–01, 542, 547, 555, 667–68, 686
    
  • education, 89, 198, 199, 202, 208, 450, 465, 467
    
  • effects of Reagan administration, 581–82
    
  • farming and Populist movement, 284, 291–92
    
  • Ku Klux Klan, 203, 382, 432, 452
    
  • labor, 199, 203, 208, 209, 241, 274, 328, 337–38, 381, 404–05, 415, 464, 466, 467
    
  • Miami riot (1983), 609
    
  • military forces, 10, 77, 82, 88, 191, 192, 193, 195–96, 203, 317, 318–20; segregation, 404, 415, 419, 449–50
    
  • NAACP, 348–39, 382, 447, 464
    
  • New Deal, 404
    
  • poverty and, 662–63
    
  • racism and violence, 24, 203, 209, 210, 221, 315–20, 347, 348, 443, 444, 461, 462–63
    
  • transportation segregated, 450, 450–51, 453
    
  • unemployment, 570
    
  • view of Gulf War, 622
    
  • voting, 65, 88–89, 198, 199, 203, 207, 291, 450, 454–55, 456, 458, 459, 461, 465–66
    
  • welfare and, 578–79
    
  • women, 32, 103, 105–06, 184–85, 193, 202, 347, 504
    
  • World War II, 415, 419, 448
    
  • see also
    slavery/slave trade
    
• Blackwell, Elizabeth, 118–19
  
• Bloom, Allan, 629
  
• Bloomer, Amelia, 113, 119
  
• Blumenthal, Michael, 561
  
• Bolden, Dorothy, 509
  
• Bond, Horace Mann, 206–07
  
• Bond, Julian, 485, 621
  
• Bonner, Raymond, 591
  
• Bonus Army, 391, 462
  
• Bosnia, 655, 660
  
• Boston, 220–21, 467, 645
  
  • Colonial era, 36, 47, 49–53
    passim
    , 57, 60, 61, 65–67, 69–70, 71, 75
    
• Boston Massacre, 67, 69–70, 71
  
• Boston Tea Party, 67, 69–70, 71, 109
  
• Bourne, Randolph, 359
  
• Bowdoin, James, 94
  
• Braden, Anne, 614
  
• Bradford, William, 15
  
• Brandaon, Luis, 29–30
  
• Brandeis, Louis, 256
  
• Brandon, William, 533
  
• Branfman, Fred, 481
  
• Braverman, Harry, 324
  
• Brecher, Jeremy, 399, 403, 417
  
• Breeden, Bill, 587–88
  
• Brennan, William, 574
  
• Brewer, David J., 261
  
• Breyer, Stephen, 645
  
• Bridenbaugh, Carl, 47–48
  
• Brooke, Edward, 553
  
• Broun, Heywood, 339–40
  
• Brown, Antoinette, 119
  
• Brown, Harold, 566
  
• Brown, H. Rap, 461
  
• Brown, John, 171, 182
  
• Brown, Robert E., 98
  
• Brown, Ronald, 645
  
• Brown, Sam, 566
  
• Brown, William Garrott, 293
  
• Brownell, Herbert, 434
  
• Brownmiller, Susan, 510
  
• Bruce, Robert, 246–47, 248, 251
  
• Bryan, William Jennings, 294, 301, 362
  
• Bryant, William Cullen, 179
  
• Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 560, 561, 565, 566, 599–600
  
• Bulgaria, 426, 592
  
• Bundy, McGeorge, 474
  
• Burbank, David, 250
  
• Burgess, John, 200, 299
  
• Burke, Edmund, 110
  
• Bush, George, 574–75, 576, 580, 610, 611, 633, 643, 645, 661
  
  • Gulf War, 594–600, 616, 620–21, 625, 627, 653, 685
    
  • Panama invasion, 593–94, 685
    
• Bush, George W., 675–77
  
  • “war on terrorism” and, 677–81
    
• business and industry: 48, 49, 51, 52, 65, 84
  
  • factory and mill system, 10, 111, 115, 116–17, 216, 221, 228–31, 239, 241, 244, 253, 300, 324–27, 334–39
    passim
    , 346, 349, 381, 380–86, 387, 397
    
  • foreign investment and markets, 297, 298, 301, 302–03, 313–14, 362, 438
    
  • government and politics, 219, 543, 547–49, 550, 650–51
    
  • health and safety conditions, 230, 239, 241, 242, 246, 254, 255, 256, 278, 325, 326, 327, 338–39, 346
    
  • insurance and compensation, 349, 352–53
    
  • legal and judicial protection, 239–40, 260–62
    
  • monopoly and merger, 219, 254–58
    
  • reforms, 259–60, 349–53
    passim
    
  • tariffs, 91, 101, 130, 141, 142, 189, 206, 238, 257
    
  • World War II, 417, 425
    
  • see also
    labor; specific fields
    
• Byrd, William, 35
  
• Byrnes, James F., 422, 423
  
• Caldicott, Dr. Helen, 603
  
• Calhoun, John, 168
  
• California: U.S. desire for and Mexican war, 149, 151, 153, 154, 163, 169, 181
  
• Calley, William, 478–79, 667
  
• Cambodia, 472, 483, 484, 491, 498, 545, 551–53
  
• Camus, Albert, 10
  
• Carmichael, Stokely, 454
  
• Carnegie, Andrew (and Carnegie steel), 255, 257, 258, 260, 262, 276–77, 294, 314, 324
  
• Carroll, Charles, 82–83
  
• Carson, “Kit,” 529
  
• Carter, Amy, 613
  
• Carter, Jimmy, 565–66, 569–72, 575, 581, 601, 605, 611, 631, 633
  
  • “human rights” policy, 568
    
  • Iran hostage crisis, 573
    
  • Latin America policy, 590
    
  • military budget increase, 583
    
  • Panama Canal Treaty, 568
    
• Carter, Landon, 33
  
• Cass, Lewis, 131–32, 134
  
• Catholic Church, 2, 29
  
  • conflicts and controversies, 221, 226, 265, 538
    
  • Vietnam protests, 488–91, 538
    
• Catton, Bruce, 417
  
• Central Intelligence Agency, 439, 543, 554, 555–56, 583–84, 593, 613–14
  
  • in Cuba, 440, 441, 554, 555
    
  • Vietnam and Laos, 474, 476, 478, 481, 483, 499
    
  • Watergate, 544, 547, 554
    
• Chafe, William, 343
  
• Chafee, Zechariah, 366
  
• Chamorro, Edgar, 585
  
• Chancy, James, 456
  
• Chavez, Cesar, 614, 615
  
• Chechnya, 657
  
• Cheney, Dick, 652
  
• Chernobyl, 613
  
• Cherokee Indians, 10, 54, 55, 126, 127, 128, 132, 133, 136–37, 139–41, 144, 146–48
  
• Chiang Kai-shek, 427, 470
  
• Chicago, 254, 272, 650
  
  • labor and socialist groups, 243, 244, 247, 268–73
    passim
    , 278, 279–81
    
• Chicanos, 495, 614, 615–16
  
• Chickasaw Indians, 54, 126, 133, 134, 140, 144
  
• children: Colonial era, 43, 44, 49, 55
  
  • Indians, 4, 67, 20
    
  • labor, 43, 44, 49, 221, 230–31, 266, 267, 324, 335, 346–47, 403
    
• Children's Defense Fund, 571, 610
  
• Chile, 545, 548, 554, 568
  
• China: civil war, 427, 431
  
  • Communism in, 427, 429
    
  • as foreign market and Open Door Policy, 297, 298, 300, 303, 313–14, 321, 410, 657
    
  • Indochina and World War II, 412, 424, 470
    
  • Japan, war with, 406, 410, 427
    
  • Korean war, 428
    
• Chinese immigrants, 253, 254, 265, 266, 382, 648
  
• Chisholm, Shirley, 511
  
• Choctaw Indians, 54, 133, 134, 138–39, 140, 141, 144
  
• Chomsky, Noam, 567, 593, 624–25
  
• Christman, Henry, 211
  
• Churchill, Winston, 17, 303, 412, 421, 426
  
• Cisler, Lucinda, 510
  
• civil rights/civil rights movement, 449
  passim
  , 488, 518, 523, 614
  
  • after Civil War, 198–210
    passim
    , 667–68
    
  • see also
    blacks; voting
    
• Civil Rights Act (1875), 198, 204
  
• Civil War, 10, 171, 189–95
  passim
  , 235–38
  
• Clay, Henry, 141, 145
  
• Clean Air Act (1970), 576
  
• Clear, Todd, 647
  
• Cleveland, Grover, 256, 258, 259, 260, 279, 302–03
  
• Clinton, George, 86
  
• Clinton, Bill, 633, 643–65
  
• Cloward, Richard, 402, 466
  
• Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (1969), 575
  
• Cochran, Thomas, 218, 219, 220, 323
  
• Coin, William Harvey, 293
  
• Colden, Cadwallader, 57
  
• cold war, end of, 592–93
  
• Coles, Robert 498
  
• Collier, John, 21–22, 524
  
• Colombia, 408
  
• Columbus, Christopher 1–5
  passim
  , 7–8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 25, 685
  
  • quincentennial, protests against, 625–28
    
• Commons, John, 273
  
• Communism/Communist Party (in U.S.), 385, 441
  
  • and blacks, 447–48
    
  • crusade against, 426, 428–37
    passim
    , 441
    
  • and labor movement, 385–86, 394, 397, 402, 405, 428, 441, 447
    
  • unemployed councils, 394, 447
    
  • Workers Alliance, 394
    
  • World War II, 407, 420
    
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 453, 464
  
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 399, 401–02, 405, 417
  
• Conkin, Paul, 403