Read At Day's Close: Night in Times Past Online
Authors: A. Roger Ekirch
Gamester, The
(Shirley), 224
gangs:
of burglars, 37, 38–39
of libertines, 224–26
see also
youth gangs
“Gardy-loo!” warning, 28
Gauguin, Paul, 4
Gay, John, 44, 125, 134, 143
geese, as watchers, 96
Gelasius, Pope, 69
Gelsi, Giovanni, 235
Geneva:
broken pavements of, 27
burglaries in, 38
city gates of, 63
murder of domestic intruders in, 87
night’s darkness as sacred in, 74
nightwatch of, 82
vagrants in, 65
Gentleman, The
(Steele), 218
Gentleman’s Magazine,
166–67, 216, 324
George II, King of England, 321
Germany, 15, 16, 23, 97
Beisetzungs
in, 213
bundling in, 198, 202
Bundschuh
disturbances in, 54–55
burglaries in, 39, 41
candle magic in, 101
Diebeskerze
in, 42
fireraising in, 54–55
lichtbraten
in, 162
murders in, 43
Nickel List gang in, 41
nightwatch in, 76
passion plays in, 70
rushlights in, 108
Schlafdrincke
in, 271
Sperrgeld
in, 63
spinning in, 164
Spinnstuben
in, 178, 179, 183,
195
Strassen räubers
in, 36
werewolves of, 19
white witchcraft in, 98
Wirthaus
of, 187
witch hunts of, 20
youth gangs in,246
ghettos, Jewish, 65
ghosts, 16, 17, 20–21, 64, 120, 140–42, 246, 280, 336
abodes of, 19
agendas of, 18–19
declining belief in, 325–26
of dogs, 19
at gibbets, 141–42
in haunted houses, 19, 140–41, 325
impersonation of, 41, 243, 256
ghost stories, 3, 5, 120–21, 180, 256
gibbets (gallows), 41, 141–42
Gillot, Claude,
22
Ginn, Richard, 92
“giving the wall,” 45
Glasgow, 48, 113
glass makers, 73, 125, 161
Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, 68–69, 228
glovemakers, 156
Glückel of Hameln, 114
goats, eyes of, 90
goddesses of night, 4
Godly Forme of Household Government, A
(Cleaver), 110
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 26, 71, 154, 160
Goffe, Thomas, 217
Goldsmith, Oliver, 231–32, 267
goldsmiths, 156
“Good Ale for My Money,” 189
Gordon Riots, 330
Gowing, Sarah, 192
Graf von Redern, Sigismund Ehrenreich, 322
Gratarolo, Guglielmo, 265
gravediggers, 167–68
grave robbers, 237
great cloaks, 136
great coats, 136, 137, 242
Great Unwashed, The,
334
Greeks, ancient, 4, 5
Greene, Robert, 14
Gregory, James, 112
Gregory XVI, Pope, 335
Grendel, 20
Grisoni, Giuseppe,
215
Grocers’ Company of London, 186
Grose, Francis, 140
Grunewald, Matthias,
17
guardiani di notte,
76
Guazzo, Francesco Maria, 307
Guernsey, 126–27, 178, 195, 247
guilds, 64, 75, 252
nocturnal labor prohibited by, 156
Guillaumin, Émile, xxvii
G/wi people, 303
gypsies, 55, 63,
232
hackney coaches, 137, 193
Hale, Sir Matthew, 16, 85
Haler, Batt, 193
Hales-Burley gang, 38
Hall, Joseph, 262
Hamilton, Dr. Alexander, 217, 244
Hamilton, Dr. Andrew, 296
Hamlet
(Shakespeare), 140
Hamlet, William, 94
hand-rattles, 77
Hands of Glory, 41–42
Hanging, Not Punishment Enough,
37
Hanover Succession Crisis, 228
Hanway, Jonas, 15, 330
Hardy, Thomas, xxvii, 91, 237
hare sleep, 267–68
Harrison, William, 95, 96, 152, 274, 277, 301
Harrower, John, 294
harvest, 169–70,
169,
171
harvest moon, 171
harvest suppers, 254–55
Harvey, Audley, 116
Harwood, Hiram, 168
haunted houses, 19, 140–41, 325
“Haunted Mind, The” (Hawthorne), 311
Haven of Health, The
(Cogan), 263
Hawkhurst gang, 242
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 311
Heap, Moses, 180
hearing, sense of, 9, 132, 192, 292
Heaton, Hannah, 291–92, 321, 323
Hectors gang, 225
Hegen family, death of, 268,
269
Heimbach, Wolfgang,
212
Hélias, Pierre-Jakez, 181–82
hell, 8, 16, 316
Heller, Isaac, 280
Heming, Edmund, 72
Henry III, King of France, 216, 226
Henry IV, Part 1
(Shakespeare), 226
Henry V
(Shakespeare), 286
Henry VIII, King of England, 213, 216, 230
in aristocratic gang, 226
bedtime ritual of, 271
Heraclitus, 300
Herbert, George, 9, 84, 151, 268, 298, 306
heretics, 151, 228
Herrick, Robert, 130
Hervey, James, 44
Heylyn, Peter, 192
Heywood, Rev. Oliver, 10, 25, 33, 118, 229, 312
Hicks, Mary, 136
highwaymen, 34–36, 39, 40, 141
Hill, Thomas, 313
Hilleström, Pehr,
159
Hippocrates, 265, 271, 313
History of the Pleas of the Crown
(Hale), 85
Hobbes, Thomas, 31
hobgoblins, 16, 23
Hogarth, William,
29,
35,
219,
221,
251,
277,
289
Holberg, Ludvig Baron, 31, 50, 79
Holcroft, Thomas, 122
Holland, 38–39, 186–87
Homer, 3, 303
homes, 36–37, 63–64, 74, 90–117, 118–19, 131, 201, 203, 220, 334
alarm devices in, 94
arsenals of, 94–95
artificial illumination in, 100–111
curfews in, 233
defensive function of, 91–97;
see also
burglaries, burglars
door locks of, 37, 79–80, 92–93
doors of, 91–93, 99, 293
folk magic practiced in, 97–101
gateposts of, 99
geese in, 96
hiding places in, 94
landlords of, 85
lanterns outside, as street lighting, 67–68
mishaps in, 28
murder of intruders in, 87–88, 95, 199
navigating in darkness of, 110
night noises in, 34, 37, 291, 293–94
night-spells and, 98–99
nocturnal labor in, 158, 163–64, 173–74, 178–84, 305–6
partitioned rooms in, 274
plague and, 230
privacy in, 150
rats and mice in, 52, 293
religious faith in, 97
sacramentals at entrances of, 99
shutting in of, xxxii, 91–93, 138, 268
of squatters, 238
thresholds of, 92, 100
valuables in, 93–94
vandalism of, 246
watchdogs of, 95–97
see also
fireplaces; neighbors, mutual support of; windows
Homo Homini Demon,
31
homosexuals, 230, 231, 281
“Honest Ploughman, The,” 128–29
honor, male cult of, 44, 217
Hood, Thomas, 130
Horneck, Rev. Anthony, 306, 307
Horse Dance, The,
211
horses, 18, 24, 26, 34, 64, 131–32, 137, 170
horseshoe amulets, 98, 99
housebreaking, 37, 38, 87,
96
“How Five and Twenty Shillings were Expended in a Week,” 295
Howitt, William, 140, 178–79, 181
Hubert, Francis, 312
hue and cry, 75, 115
Hügel, Conrad, 183
Hugo, Victor, 336
Huguenots, 228
Hull, John M., 132
Humphry Clinker
(Smollett), 212
Hungary, 19
hunter’s moon, 171
Husbandmans Calling, The
(Steele), 8
Hutton, William, 103–4, 145
Huygens, Constantijn, 120
“Hymn to Darkness” (Yalden), 282
Iago, 48
Ibo people, 4
Iceland, 109, 178, 181
Ignatius, 59
ignis fatuus,
18
Iliad
(Homer), 4
illnesses, 16, 112–14, 270, 297
doctors and, 64, 65, 113
dreams and, 316
feigning of, 249
medications for, 112–13, 305
ministers and, 113
moon’s influence on, 12
from nightfall’s noxious vapors, 12–15
of respiratory tract, 14, 288
shut windows and, 14–15
sleep disturbed by, 288–89, 297
sun’s impact on, 14
watchers of, 113–14
as worsened at night, 14–15, 288–89, 290
immune systems, 14
Indians, American, 95
candlewood used by, 109
English visit of, 225–26
and fear of darkness, 5
fire-hunting of, 241
industrialization, 6, 327–28
Industrial Revolution, 6, 84, 110
infants, 21, 26, 278
births of, 113
conception of, 183
crib deaths of, 292
maternal abandonment of, 237
stillborn, magical properties of, 41–42
unborn, extraction of, 42
see also
children
influenza, 14
Ingham, Abram, 297
inns, 187, 223, 242
clientele of, 188
insects, 288, 294–95,
295,
297–98
Interpretation of Dreams, The
(Artemidorus of Ephesus), 313
Ireland, 146
anti-Irish street mobs and, 254
aristocratic gangs in, 224
arson in, 55
banshees of, 19
bundling in, 198
castle sentries of, 79
communal beds in, 278–79
communal labor in, 178, 179
earthen floors as beds of, 276–77
fairies in, 18
folk magic in, 98
funeral wakes in, 194
Gaelic of, xxxii
insurgents in, 257, 258
peat as fuel in, 103
pilfering in, 240
robberies in, 34
rushlights in, 111
St. John’s Eve in, 140
storytelling in, 179, 180
tallow candles in, 106
thief’s candles in, 42
iron foundries, 161, 175, 327
Irving, Washington, 247
Isham, Thomas, 247
Isle of Man, 162, 242, 328
Italy, xxxi, 14, 20, 42, 43, 69
andatores di notte
in, 32
aristocratic gangs in, 224–25
armed peasants in, 142
bad roads of, 26
beccamòrti
of, 167
benandanti
cult of, 319
briganti
in, 36
carrying weapons banned in, 66
communal labor in, 177
fishing in, 171
forests of, 23–24
May Day in, 152
murders in, 44
murder weapons in, 43
night courts of, 85
night guards in, 62
nottolónes
in, 245
paid assassins in, 44
shepherds of, 172
youth gangs in, 245, 247, 249
Jackson, Hester, 192–93
Jacobites, 228
Jacobzoon, Woulter, 157, 237
Jamaica, 174, 176–77, 246, 257
Jamerey-Duval, Valentin, 123
James, Nicholas, 298
James I, King of England, 15
James II, King of England, 224
Jeake, Samuel, 26–27, 271
Jefferson, Thomas, 310
Jerome, 59
Jerusalem, 4
Jessop, Arthur, 24
Jesus Christ, 4
Jewell, Joseph, 242, 243
Jews, 256
badges of shame worn by, 151
crypto-, 228
curfews of, 65
marital sexual activity of, 308
mezuzas
of, 99
Torah studied by, 206–7
“Jinny Green-Teeth,” 17–18
Job, Book of, 193
John, Gospel According to, 4, 155
John George III, Elector of Saxony, 213
John of the Cross, Saint, 59, 302
Johnson, Samuel, 44, 47, 136, 150, 218, 262, 285–86, 325
Johnston, Lady Charlotte, 222
Jolly, Thomas, 229, 316
Jonson, Ben, 292
Jordaens, Jacob,
315
Josselin, Rev. Ralph, 51, 112, 314, 315, 317
Joubert, Laurent, 12–13, 308–9
Journal of the Plague Year
(Defoe), 167
Jubb, Thomas, 305
Judges, Book of, 303
Julius III, Pope, 71
Juvenal, 5
Kanaka people, 4
Kay, Richard, 323
kelpies, 18
Ken, Thomas, 306
Key, John, 31–32
King, William, 318
King and the Cobbler, The,
226
knitting bees,
see
spinning and knitting bees
Knyveton, John, 142
Kyd, Thomas, 33
labor, nocturnal, 155–84
advantages of, 175–83
artificial illumination of, 156, 161–63, 174
communal, 177–84
in disposal of dead bodies, 167–68
of farmers,
see
farmers
fatiguing effects of, 174–75
of fishermen, 160, 171, 177
as form of social control, 156
in guarding against thieves, 172
in homes, 158, 163–64, 173–74, 178–84, 305–6
irregular work patterns in, 157–58
livestock care in, 121, 170
by moonlight, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174
municipal regulations against, 155–56
of nightmen, 165–67,
166
for personal gain, 176–77
pilfering aided by, 175
of private guards, 165
relaxed supervision of, 175, 178
sexual misconduct aided by, 175
of shepherds, 171–72
of tradesmen, 156–63
weather forecasting as, 170–71
of working poor, 158–60, 164
Lackington, James, 235
Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 302