At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (78 page)

La Fontaine, Jean de, 318

Laithwaite, Ellen, 190

Lakin, Benjamin, 316–17

Lamare, Nicolas de, 48

Lambert, Gilbert, 306

lamplighters, 73, 74

lang beds, 198

lanterns, 77, 124–27, 131, 142, 179

bull’s-eye, 125

candles in, 67, 68, 73, 74, 124–25

construction of, 67, 124–25

dark, 40, 67

dogs as carriers of, 126

as “lanthorns,” 67

makeshift, of the poor, 126

paper, 70

of pedestrians, 26, 129, 192

social class and, 126–27

as street lighting, 67–68, 73, 74, 129, 246,
337

will-o’-the-wisps as, 18

Lanthorne and Candle-Light
(Dekker), 66

La Reynie, Nicholas de, 73

Lascaux cave paintings, 5

Lasebee, Joseph, 245

Laud, William, 314, 315, 316, 317

laudanum, 271

laundresses, 163–64, 175, 177

Lavater, Lewes, 9, 41

Lawson, John, 5

Lead, Jane, 311–12

Leake, John, 141

“Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The” (Irving), 247

Legg, Thomas, 289, 295

Leigerdumaynians,
262

Le Loyer, Pierre, 16

Lemnius, Levinus, 276

Lenton, Francis, 46

Leonardo da Vinci, 305

Le Pautre, Jean,
70

Leper the Tailor, story of, 104

L’Estrange, Sir Roger, 135

Levine, David, 149

Lewis, John, 10

Liancourt, Madame de, 282

Libanius, 5

Libertine, The,
218

libertines, aristocratic, 217–26, 245

at alehouses, 218,
219,
220, 222–23

disguises worn by, 219–20, 222, 226

ecclesiastic, 220

gangs formed by, 224–26

genteel women as, 220–22

jests of, 223, 226

in literature, 226

lower class affinities of, 218–20, 222–23

nightwatch abused by, 224

pedestrians assaulted by, 224, 225

royalty as, 226

vandalism of, 224

violence of, 223–26

women abused by, 217, 223, 224, 225

“Libertine’s Choice, The,” 253

lice, 270, 294–95

Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, 262, 291

light, 4, 69–71, 100–101

Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, The
(Smollett), 136

Life of a Simple Man, The
(Guillaumin), 197

Lilith, 4

“Lincolnshire Poacher, The,” 241–42

linkboys,
29,
40, 125–26,
126

as mooncursers, 125

literacy, 87, 203, 325

Little Ice Age, 294

livestock, 64, 85, 179, 270

brought indoors at night, 279

care of, 121, 170

geese, 96

marketing of, 172–73, 176, 327

sleep disturbed by, 293

theft of, 172, 240

wild predators of, 171–72

Livy, 303

Lloyd’s Evening Post,
294

Lochwd, Bardus, 197

Locke, John, 3, 5, 270, 296, 301

London:

abandoned infants in, 237

apprentice population of, 232

aristocratic gangs in, 225–26

arson by burglars in, 54

barred windows in, 93

broken pavements of, 27

burglaries in, 37–38, 39, 54

gates of, 62

Great Fire of 1666 in, 10, 49, 62

homosexuals in, 230

increasing crime in, 330

jostled pedestrians in, 45

lantern lighting mandated in, 67, 68

linkboys of, 125

livestock marketed in, 173

lunatics in, 12

Metropolitan Police of, 332

murders in, 44

nightwatch of, 75–76, 79–80, 82

nocturnal excursions in, 129, 133–34

plague in, 167–68, 230, 314

pleasure gardens of, 212

population of, 26

private guards in, 165

prostitutes in, 65, 244

public celebrations in, 69

public masquerades in, 214–15

robberies in, 34, 36, 40

sinister streets of, 141

smuggled goods in, 242

street lighting of, 72, 73

watch-houses of, 77

London Chronicle,
188, 267

London Evening Post,
162–63

London Magazine,
87

“London Prentice, The,” 201

London Spy,
135

Long, Thomas, 158

“Long Margery,” 17

Louder, John, 139–40

Louis XI, King of France, 67, 156

Louis XIII, King of France, 120

Louis XIV, King of France, 60,
70,
73, 104, 211, 280

Loutherbourg, Philip James de,
327

Love and a Bottle
(Farquhar), 301–2

“Loves Downfall,” 220

Love’s Labour’s Lost
(Shakespeare), 8

Lowe, Roger, 198

lower classes, 188, 191–92, 208–9, 227–28, 329–40

beds of, 276–79, 287, 296, 297, 299

black magic of, 238–40

broken sleep of, 304, 306–7

debtors of, 237–38

depression in, 290

disease victims of, 229–30, 231

dreams of, 317–20

drinking houses of, 236–37, 244;
see also
alehouses

fatigue of, 186, 265, 280, 285, 286, 297, 298–99, 308

libertines and, 218–20, 222–23

nightdress of, 270–71

nobility’s envy of, 214, 216, 218–19

organized violence of, 256–58

paupers, 231–37

petty crimes of, 237–52, 306

political dissenters, 228, 231

religious dissenters, 228–29, 231

sleep deprivation of, 298–99

sleep disturbances of, 290, 297–99

social activities of, 177–84, 235–37

social oversight of, 150–51

unlit streets of, 335–36

young people, 232–35, 241–42;
see also
youth gangs

see also
labor, nocturnal

Low-Life
(Legg), 289, 295

low-pads, 35

Lucerna, La
(Pona), 244

Lucrece, 8

Lucretius, 119

Luddites, 257, 258

Lull, Ramón, 301

lunacy, 12,
13

Lunar Society of Birmingham, 329

Lusts Dominion,
192

Lutherans, 213

lying-out, 232–33, 255

Macbeth
(Shakespeare), 21, 91, 286

McCurrie, Duncan, 198

maces, 77

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 205

Mack, Georg, the Elder,
11

Macpherson, James, 179

Madrid, 27, 34, 93

magic, xxvi, 326

for abused women, 183

amulets, 98, 99, 142

in bedtime rituals, 272–73

black, 238–40

Church’s banning of, 63

criminals’ use of, 41–42

curses in, 238–39

dreams and, 320

excrement in, 41

in excursion protection, 142–43

for fireplace protection, 99–100, 270

folk, 97–101

insurgents’ use of, 257–58

in interval of wakefulness, 307

invisibility bestowed by, 151

light and, 100–101

of midwives, 143

of millers, 161

as property of stillborn infants, 41–42

as protection against witches, 143

of servants, 239

of shepherds, 171–72

of slaves, 99, 143, 239, 257–58

in storytelling, 179, 180

of thieves, 41–42

for treasure hunting, 238

of witches, 21, 307

against wolves, 172

Mailu, 4

Maimonides, 206

Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme,
12, 170

malarial fevers, 14

mandrake, 41

Manners of the Age, The,
280–81

manure,
see
dung

Manx language, 162

Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 335

markets, public, 176–77

consumerism and, 326–27

livestock brought to, 172–73, 176, 327

pilfered goods in, 241

Marlborough, Francis, 33

Marseilles, 28, 78

Marston, John, 253

Martin, John “Michael,” 257

Martin, Jonathan, 122

Mascall, Charles, 36

masons, 157, 161

Masque of Queenes, The
(Jonson), 292

“Masquerade, The” (Fielding), 215

masquerades, 186, 213–17, 221,
221,
224

anonymity of, 213–15

ceremonious conduct relaxed by, 214

costumes worn at, 214, 216

critics of, 216

cross-dressing at, 216

declining exclusivity of, 328–29

public subscription, 214–15

sexual activity at, 216

social classes leveled by, 214, 216

spontaneity in, 215–16

Masquerades
(Holberg), 79

Massillon, Jean Baptiste, 207

mastiffs, 95

ghostly, 19

as nightwatch, 76

Mather, Cotton, 30, 149, 177–78, 233, 294

Matthias, King of Hungary, 226

May Day, 152, 194

Mayett, Joseph, 250–51

Measure for Measure
(Shakespeare), xxxii

melatonin, 290, 304

Ménétra, Jacques-Louis, 43, 123, 139, 158, 192, 279

Mercier, Louis-Sébastien, 25, 74, 79, 125, 126, 157, 161, 173, 185, 308, 311

Merckel, Georg,
269

Mesopotamia, 4

meteors, 10

mezuzas,
99

mice,
see
rats and mice

Middle Ages, xxvii, 10, 30, 32, 45, 56, 62, 64, 74, 84, 104, 191, 283, 318

demonic beings in, 20–21

fireraising in, 54–55

funeral wakes in, 194

literacy in, 203

magic charms in, 41

medical view of sleep in, 263

nightwatch in, 75

nobility of, 210

nocturnal labor in, 155–56

nocturnal offenses in, 86–87

privacy in, 151

religious dissenters in, 228

Middlesex Journal,
48

Middleton, Thomas, xxv

midnight, 46, 138, 139, 157, 257, 301,
321

as “bull’s noon,” 293

“first sleep” and, 300–302, 303, 305, 322–23

Mid-night Thoughts,
303, 308, 317

Midsummer Eve, 140

Midsummer Night’s Dream, A
(Shakespeare), 18, 132

midwives, 64, 66, 113, 134, 143, 205

Midy, Isobel, 198

military engagements, 5, 68–69

military technology, 327–28

Milky Way, 130, 339

Mill, Humphrey, 9, 38, 155

millers, 161

private guards of, 165

Milton, John, 69, 153, 207, 261

miners, 161

Misérables, Les
(Hugo), 336

mishaps, nocturnal, 23–28, 170

dangerous terrain and, 23–25, 123–24

deaths from, 24, 25–26, 28, 235, 246

disappearances in, 24–25

drinking in, 25, 28, 146, 235

drownings, 23, 25–26, 28, 146, 246

in the home, 28

horses in, 26, 137

losing one’s bearings in, 18, 24–25, 145

in nocturnal labor, 174

in streets, 26–28,
29

“Mistaking in the Darke,” 193

Mist’s Weekly Journal,
215

Mitchel, Richard, 142

Mitchell, Betty, 194

mites, 288

Moby-Dick
(Melville), 104

Modena, Leon, 317

Moduco, Battista, 319

Moerloose, Isabella de, 120

Mohocks gang, 225–26

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de, 296

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Barone de, 222

Moody, Robert, 132

moon, 73, 88,
127,
128, 203, 270

in almanacs, 129

eclipses of, 10

harvest, 171

hunter’s, 171

nocturnal excursions and, 127–29, 138, 144, 146, 329

nocturnal labor aided by, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174

as parish lantern, 128

phases of, 68, 128–29, 171, 238, 329

physical health influenced by, 12,
13,
128

telling time by, 138, 236

theft and, 39–40

mooncursers, 125

moon-men, 125

moonshine, 242–43

moonwort, 41

Moravia, 19

mordbrenner,
54, 257

morgensterns,
77

Morris, Jane, 163

Moryson, Fynes, 43, 61, 75, 111, 200, 247, 271

Mosaic law, 87

Moscow, 117

fires in, 48, 49

murders in, 43–44

street barriers in, 64

Most Pleasuante Arte of the Interpretacion of Dreames, The
(Hill), 313

Mountfort, William, 286

Mowfitt, William, 144

Much Ado About Nothing
(Shakespeare), 82

Muchembled, Robert, 20

Murant, Madame de, 221–22

“murder,” as cry for help, 115–16

murder, murderers, 6, 32, 33, 34, 306–7, 329

of domestic intruders, 87–88, 95, 199

drinking in, 46

impulsive, 45–46

incidence of, 42

magic rituals of, 41

marital, in communal sleep, 283–84

motives for, 44

personal vendettas and, 44

by robbers, 34, 35–36

weapons used in, 43

“Mus Rusticus,” 168

My Father’s Life
(Restif de la Bretonne), 115, 180

Naish, Thomas, 294

Napier, Richard, 290

Naples, 72, 160

narcolepsy, 267

Nashe, Thomas, 7, 15–16, 56, 287, 312

National Institute of Mental Health, 303–4, 322–23

nation states, 45

Natural History of Superstition, The
(Trenchard), 100

Navaho people, 4

Naylor, Mary, 198

needlework, 208

neighbors, mutual support of, 111–17, 179

acts of kindness in, 112

crime and, 68, 88, 115–17

firefighting in, 68, 114–15, 117

illness in, 112–14

limits of, 116–17

social oversight in, 147–51, 153, 191–92

strangers excluded from, 117

Nelson, John, 40