Read At Day's Close: Night in Times Past Online
Authors: A. Roger Ekirch
social differentiation of, 335–36
social oversight increased by, 333–34
vandalism of, 74, 246, 336,
337
street mobs, 254
streets,
29,
34, 36, 60, 63, 124, 125–26, 134, 140, 222, 324–25
as beds of urban poor, 278
broken pavements of, 27
excrement emptied in, 27–28,
29,
165
filthy, 27, 81
fixed barriers on, 64, 65, 75
mishaps in, 26–28,
29
sexual activity on, 192, 220
see also
pedestrians
strix, 4
Stubbes, Philip, 194
Stubley, John, 165
Stüller, Nicklauss, 42
Sturt, George, 337
Stutz, Jakob, 179
suicides, 18, 19
Sumerians, 5
sumptuary legislation, 8
Sunderland, Samuel, 38
Sussex Weekly Advertiser,
321–22
Sweden:
death penalty in, 87
ljusinbrinning
in, 162
miners of, 161
nightwatch of, 82
nocturnal labor in, 156–57
weaving in, 173
white witchcraft in, 98
Swetman, Joshua, 282
Swift, Jonathan, 109, 129
Mohocks gang feared by, 225
Swinburne, Henry, 38
Switzerland, 84, 90, 134
bundling in, 198
mattresses in, 296
nightwatch of, 75
storytelling in, 179
witch hunts of, 20
young people’s meetings in, 196
youth gangs in, 246, 248
Sykes, Mary, 308
Synesius of Cyrene, 319
Tabourot, Etienne, 182, 195
Tahiti, 4
Taillepied, Noel, 23, 142, 301
tailors, 156, 158, 160
tallow candles, 68, 106, 107, 162, 207, 336
tallow-chandlers, 52, 73, 160
Talmud, 3, 261
taverns, 188, 189, 190, 192–93,
219
brawls in, 46–47, 220, 223
Taylor, Jeremy, 15, 265
Taylor, John, 51, 174
Taylor, John, the Water-Poet, 188, 276
Teniers, David, the Younger, 231
Tertullian, 311
Tess of the d’Urbervilles
(Hardy), xxvii
Thames river, 26, 160, 166
thatchers, 170, 171
theft, thieves, 6, 7, 31, 33–42, 68, 79, 92, 93, 142, 236, 322, 329
dark nights preferred for, 39–40, 128
of dead bodies, 237
dignity and self-worth lent by, 243–44
disguises worn by, 40
Dogberry’s approach to, 82
from farmers, 169, 172, 240
by fire-priggers, 55–56
linkboys and, 125
magic spells of, 41–42
pilfering, 74, 175, 240–41, 244, 255, 256, 306
poachers, 33, 241–42, 243–44, 306, 336
punishments of, 87, 88
roguish demeanor of, 151
sheep-stealers, 41, 172, 241
see also
burglaries, burglars; robberies
thief’s candle charm, 41–42
Thietmar of Merseburg, 18
Thistlewood, Thomas, 246
Thomas, Keith, 100
Thomas, Philip, 32
Thompson, E. P., 158
Thomson, James, 8
Thomson, John, 160
Thoreau, Henry David, 129, 130, 135
Thoresby, Ralph, 115, 264
“Thresher Labour, The” (Duck), 163
time divisions, 137–40, 339
ancient Roman, 137, 138
cried by nightwatch, 77–78, 79, 138, 293
dead of night in, 138–40
early bedtime and, 264
“first sleep” as, 302, 303
nature in telling of, 90–91, 138, 236
Timms, Ann, 164
Tiv people, 303
toads, 30
Togoland, 4
torches, 5, 40, 51, 67, 74, 108, 127, 129, 131, 210, 211
construction of, 124
touch, sense of, 110, 133–34, 192
Touching the Rock
(Hull), 132
Towers, Anne, 92
Traitè de l’Education des Filles
(Fénelon), 120–21
traveling,
see
excursions, nocturnal
Travers, Joshua, 236
treasure hunting, 238,
239
Treatise of Ghosts, A
(Taillepied), 301
Trenchard, John, 100
trial nights, 202
trolls, 18
Tryon, Thomas, xxv, 312, 314
Trzecieski, Andrzej, 15
tuberculosis, 14
Tucker, George, 236
Tucker, Josiah, 173
Turner, Nat, 257
Turner, Thomas, 146, 186, 198, 266, 271
Turpin, Dick, 34
Tusser, Thomas, 52, 106, 163, 165, 266, 297
Twelve Tables,
84, 87
Twenty-third Psalm, 4
twilight rest, 109
Two Queens of Brentford, The
(D’Urfey), 211
Ufficiali di Notte,
85
Unfortunate Lovers, The,
302
United Irishmen, 257
Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure,
130
Universal Passion, The
(Miller), 262
upper classes, 45, 156, 210–26
assemblies of, 212–13, 328
banquets of, 210,
212
broken sleep and, 304
carriage promenades of, 212
carrying weapons as privilege of, 66
ceremonious conduct of, 214, 215, 220
communal sleep as viewed by, 280, 281
as courtiers, 211, 214, 217, 226
drinking by, 210
elegance of, 212
“late hours” of, 304
lower classes envied by, 214, 216, 218–19
nocturnal funerals of, 213
pleasure gardens of, 212, 222, 328, 329
poaching on lands of, 33, 241–42, 243–44, 306, 336
solitary sleep of, 297
theaters of, 211, 328–29
see also
libertines, aristocratic; masquerades
urinals, 296–97
fireplaces as, 297, 305
vagabonds, 54–55, 150
beds of, 278
social ties of, 252
vagrants, 36, 63, 65, 79, 80, 231, 234, 241
beds of, 278
magical invisibility desired by, 151
punishment of, 151
“valley of the shadow of death,” 4
vampires, 19
Vanbrugh, Sir John, 297
vandalism, 74, 224, 329, 336,
337
of youth gangs, 246–47, 248
van der Heyden, Jan, 72
van der Neer, Aert, 118
van der Poel, Egbert, 50
van der Vinne, Vincent,
121
van de Velde, Essaias,
39
van Honthorst, Gerrit,
114,
295
van Ostade, Adriaen, 190
Vaughan, William, 263
Vauxhall Gardens, 212, 222
Venice, 8, 72
burglaries in, 39
codeghe
in, 125
Council of Ten of, 67
filthy streets of, 27
Grand Canal of, 26, 43
Jewish ghettos in, 65
market days of, 172
murders in, 43
night courts of, 85
nocturnal labor in, 160
pilfering in, 175
prostitution in, 244
strangers in, 65
watchmen of, 70
Venner, Tobias, 305
Venus and Adonis
(Shakespeare), 127
Verbeecq, Hermanus, 112
veterinarians, 64
Vienna, 34, 65, 73
Vieuxville, abbé de la, 230
Vikings, 5
villages:
demonic beings in, 16–18, 140
family treasure buried in, 94
fires in, 50–51, 54
nightwatch of, 76
pilfering in, 240
walls of, 62
watchdogs of, 95
young people of, 196
youth gangs’ vandalism of, 246–47
Villon, François, 92, 278
violence, 33, 42–47, 66, 79, 142, 180, 329
against anonymous foes, 46
of bakers, 175
in burglaries, 37, 38, 40
domestic, in communal sleep, 282, 283–84
in dreams, 316, 319–20
at festivals, 152
impulsive, 44–47
of libertines, 223–26
night as safety valve for, 80, 254–55, 256
organized, of insurgents, 256–58
of prostitutes, 245
of street mobs, 254
tavern brawls, 46–47, 220, 223
see also
murder, murderers; youth gangs
Virgil, 168, 303
Virgin Mary, 71–72, 143
Vlack, Gerard,
53
Wade, John, 311
wafts, 18
Waite, Thomas, 192
Wales, 18
bundling in, 197, 199, 200–201
candle coal from, 102–3
collieries of, 24
cyfarwydd
in, 180
livestock brought indoors in, 279
squatters in, 238
y noswaith weu
in, 178
Walpole, Horace, 106, 216
Waltham Blacks, 256–57
Ward, Ned, 80, 277
Ward, Seth, 305
Washington, George, 241, 256, 271
watch-bills, 77
watch coats, 136
watchdogs, 95–97
poisoning of, 97
proper qualities of, 96
watch-houses, 77, 80,
83
“Watching Unto God in the Night Season” (Cowper), 308
watchmen,
see
nightwatch
“Watch-mens Song,” 82–83
Watson, Elkanah, 143
Watt, James, 329
Watts, Isaac, 24, 33
Wauch, Mansie, 319–20
weapons, 34, 43, 66, 77, 94–95, 142, 172
weather forecasting, 170–71
weaving, 160, 164, 173
Weber, Max, 325
Webster, John, 23
Wedgwood, Josiah, 329
Wehr, Dr. Thomas, 303–4, 323
Weinsberg, Herman, 138
Welch Heiress, The
(Jernigham), 283
“welcome nights,” 202
wells, drownings in, 28
werewolves, 19, 143, 246
West, William, 255
West Indies, 176–77, 257–58
Westminster Magazine,
150, 267
Weyer, Johann, 23
whale oil, 104–6, 330–31
Whaley, John, 322
Wheatcroft, Leonard, 197, 198
whistling in the dark, 143
White, Gilbert, 107, 133
White Boys, 258
Whole Duty of Man, The,
264
Wife of Bath, 163
Wiggers, Dean Henri, 220
wild animals, 28–30
as farm predators, 171–72
Satan’s links to, 30
sleep of, 290, 303
Wilkinson, James, 24–25
Wilkinson, John, 190
Wilkinson, Richard, 255
Wilks, John, 243
Willett, Deb, 193
William the Conqueror, 63
will-o’-the-wisps, 18, 22, 23, 180
wills, 84
beds in, 274
Wilton dog, 19
windows,
17,
99, 158, 246, 293
barred, 93
burglaries and, 37
curtained, 150, 270
glazed, 93, 274, 292
illuminated,
29,
63–64, 68–69, 199, 254
shut, illness and, 14–15
shuttered, 93
wine, 25, 187, 188, 191, 235
Winthrop, John, 313
Wirsung, Christof, 286
witch-bottles, 99
witches, 16, 19–22, 48, 120, 121, 122, 140, 238, 239–40, 325
African, 4
benandanti
and, 319
broken sleep and, 307
crimes attributed to, 21–22
hunts for, 19–20, 22, 240
magical protection against, 143
magic of, 21, 307
Roman strix, 4
sabbaths of, 21,
22,
183
Satan’s covenant with, 21
sleep disturbed by, 292
white, 98
witch-steeans, 100
Wither, George, 301
Withey, James, 18–19
Wodrow, Robert, 262
wolves, 30, 171–72, 229
“Woman’s Labour, The” (Collier), 306
“Woman’s Work is Never Done, A,” 163
women:
abusive husbands of, 183, 282, 284
adulterous, 193
as alehouse patrons, 190, 192
boulster lectures delivered by, 283,
283
clothing of, 67, 136
in communal sleep, 278–79, 281–84
curfews of, 65–66
genteel, illicit conduct of, 220–22
husbands murdered by, 283–84
libertines’ abuse of, 217, 223, 224, 225
literacy of, 203
magic and, 143, 183
at masquerades, 216, 221,
221
mishaps of, 26, 28
mutual support of, 183
as nightwatch members, 81
nightwatch’s arrest of, 80
nocturnal labor of, 160, 163–64, 173–74, 175, 177, 178–84, 305–6
unborn infants extracted from, 42
as vulnerable to lunacy, 12,
13
see also
sexual activity; witches
wood:
as fuel, 102, 103
pilfering of, 240–41
Wood, Anthony, 44
Wood, Esay, 175
Wood, William, 5
Woodforde, Nancy, 129
Woodforde, Rev. James, 106, 113, 186
beer brewed by, 173–74
cold temperatures suffered by, 294
dreams of, 317
medications of, 112
nocturnal excursions of, 129, 131, 137
smuggled goods received by, 242–43
Woodlanders, The
(Hardy), 91
Woodmash, Francis, 222
Woodward, George, 293
“works of darkness,” 4
Wright, Joseph, of Derby,
162,
206
Wright, Thomas, 207
Wrightson, Keith, 149
writing, 207–8
of nocturnal reflections, 310–11
Yalden, Thomas, 192, 282
Yates, Mary, 128
Yoruba people, 4
Young, Arthur, 134, 240
Young, Edward, 97, 153, 207
young people,
105,
192, 194–202, 232–35, 241–42
as nightwatch, 81
as poachers, 241–42
see also
apprentices; courtship; youth gangs
youth dances, 196
youth gangs, 222, 245–52, 256
assaults by, 247–49, 250
gang rapes by, 247–48
middle-class targets of, 248
nightwatch and, 249–50, 252, 253
noisiness of, 245–46
power of, 249–50
social control exerted by, 253–54
social ties of, 252
vandalism of, 246–47, 248
Zompini, Gaetano, 160