B004R9Q09U EBOK (43 page)

I

IBM,
217
,
218
,
220

Ice age,
40
–
47
,
230
–
231

Illich, Ivan,
90
,
94

Illuminated manuscripts,
80
–
86
,
99
,
113

Indexes/indexing,
6

manual,
197
,
198
–
199
,
201
,
204
,
226

India, libraries,
56
,
57

Industrial Revolution,
151
,
165

Information age,
3

Information clearinghouses,
181

Information ecology,
3
–
4
,
147
,
180

Information overload,
3
,
9

Information processing,
205
–
206

Information retrieval

associative trails,
190
–
191
,
192
,
199
,
201
,
202
,
204
,
219

automated systems,
192
–
203

bidirectional links,
218
–
219
,
220
,
228

citation ranking,
203
–
204

document links,
186
,
199
–
200
,
201
–
202

graphical user interface,
205
,
216

interactive environment,
219
–
220

link-node models,
204

mouse,
205

remote file sharing,
224

tagging,
218
,
219

Web search engines,
6
–
7
,
177
,
179
,
191
,
204

Information science

Jefferson’s legacy,
164

Ranganathan and,
186

special libraries,
180
–
181

Information systems

biological evolution of,
9
–
21

birds,
15
–
16

Bloom’s model of collective intelligence,
13

emotional expression as,
17
–
18
,
19
,
35

insect societies,
13
–
15

management tools,
6
,
12
–
14
,
52

meme encoding,
12
–
13
,
14
,
16
,
17
,
19

pooling strategies,
10
,
13
–
14
,
19

social contracts and,
107

social imitation as,
12
–
13
,
16
,
19

stigmergy,
14
–
15
,
46
,
255
n.12

symbolic expression,
17
–
19
,
45
–
46

Information technology.

See also
Technological innovation;

specific technologies

administrative,
215
–
216

ancient,
52

medieval,
104
,
117
–
121

Insect societies,
13
–
15

Instauratio Magna
(Bacon),
136

Institute for Research on Institutions (IRIS),
220

Institutions

government bureaucracies,
51
,
109
,
197
,
234

hierarchical nature of,
56
–
57
,
65
,
109
,
117
,
234
,
238

literacy and,
50
–
58

Intellectual freedom,
71
,
72
–
73

Internet,
3
,
7
.

See also
World Wide Web client–server network,
214

distributed networking protocols,
224

interface design,
1
,
8

Intertwinglers,
83
,
212

Ireland

illuminated manuscripts,
80
–
86

literacy,
80
–
81

preliterate culture,
80
,
81

Saint Patrick and,
80
–
81

IRIS Intermedia,
220
–
221
,
222

Isidore of Seville,
103

Islam,
83
,
95
,
97

Itzcóatl,
57

Ives, Samuel A.,
104

J

James I,
137

Jefferson, Thomas,
117
,
136
,
152
,
159
–
160
,
161
–
164
,
165

Jewett, Charles,
263

Jews,
97
,
115

Jobs, Steve,
207

Johnson, Ethel,
180

Johnson, Samuel,
49

Johnson, Steven,
1

Josephson, Aksel G. S.,
180

Julius Caesar,
71
,
74
,
75

Justinian,
97

Juvenal,
93

K

Kahn, Paul,
195
,
204
,
221

Kahn, Robert B.,
224

Kelly, Kevin,
208
,
235

King, Cyrus,
162

Knowledge workers.

See
Librarians;

Scribes

Kodak,
196

Koran,
96
,
162

Kuhn, Steven,
42

Künsel, Werner,
3

Kurzweil, Ray,
2

L

La Fontaine, Henri,
186
,
188

Lakoff, George,
31
–
32

Lamberton, Robert,
59
,
61
,
62

Landow, George P.,
116
,
221
–
222

Lao Tzu,
56

Lateral sequencing,
27
,
52

League of Nations,
185
,
188
,
189

Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut,
104

Lewis, C. S.,
105

Lewis, Rhodri,
131
,
139

Librarians,
76
,
94
,
165
–
166
,
174
,
181

Libraries

academic,
109
,
138
,
166
,
173
,
176

American,
6
,
136
,
162
–
164
,
166
,
169
,
171
–
178

Arabian legacy,
95
–
98

Aztec,
57
,
161

biblioclasms,
56
,
57
,
71
,
74
–
75
,
78
,
87
,
97
,
98
,
161
,
183

British Museum library,
166
,
167
–
171
,
186

Chinese,
56
–
57
,
161

Christian,
76
,
88

democratic access to,
169
–
173

digital,
195
–
196

government archives,
52
–
53
,
78

Great Library at Alexandria,
55
,
66
,
70
–
75
,
76
,
79
,
89
,
161

Greek,
55
,
57
–
58
,
64
,
66
,
76

guidelines for book collecting,
94

Indian,
56

Jefferson’s,
161
–
164
,
242
–
244

lending practices,
76

limitations of,
195
–
196

monastic,
80
,
88
,
89
–
90
,
91
–
95

networks,
94
,
182
,
264
n.9

political potency,
56
–
57
,
72
,
75
,
93

private book collections,
66
,
77
,
147
,
162
–
164
,
166
,
264
n.9

public,
70
–
77
,
96
,
147
,
166
,
173
,
176

Roman,
75
–
77
,
82
,
87
,
88

Royal Library at Nineveh,
54
–
55

special,
180
-
181

temple,
51
,
52
,
55
,
57

at Thebes,
56

Vatican,
88
,
95
,
121

virtual,
181
–
182

Library catalogs and classification systems

ancient bibliographic records and systems,
51
–
52
,
76
–
77

Anglo-American Cataloging Rules,
169

Aristotelian,
66

author-based,
74

Bacon’s framework,
136
,
163

bicameral,
76
–
77
,
87
–
88
,
94
–
95
,
121

Bliss system,
177

books distinguished from works,
168
–
169
,
180

call numbers,
52
,
170
,
172
,
173
,
182

card catalog,
165
,
173
,
174
,
176
,
264
n.9

Chinese classification schemes,
56
–
57

Colon Classification,
145
,
178
–
180
,
247
–
249

colophons,
51
–
52

cultural bias in,
176

Cutter’s Expansive Classification System,
171
–
173
,
180

Dewey Decimal System,
136
,
173
–
178
,
180
,
186
,
187
,
245
–
246
,
257
n.9

Library of Congress system,
162
–
163
,
173
,
176
,
177
,
179
,
197
,
242
–
244

meta information,
168

monastic scrutinium,
94
–
95

online catalogs,
176
,
181
–
182

Panizzi’s rules,
167
–
171
,
186

subject-based,
73
,
88
,
168
,
171
–
178

textual analysis–based,
88
–
89

Universal Decimal Classification,
177
,
187
,
188
,
190

value-based,
91

Web displacement of,
6
,
176
–
177
,
226

Library of Congress,
6
,
136
,
162
–
164
,
169
,
173
,
176
,
177
,
179
,
197

Library schools,
173

Library science,
178

Lindisfarne Gospel
,
82
,
84

Lindisfarne monastery,
84

Links,
186
,
199
,
218

Linnaeus, Carolus,
4
,
25
,
30
,
103
,
153

Literacy

and cognitive conflict,
120
–
121

craft,
50
,
106

Dark Ages and,
78
–
79
,
92
–
93

entertainment-based,
61

and mythic thought,
62
–
63

oral culture distinguished from,
232
–
234

and political power,
50
,
51
,
54
,
56
–
57
,
58
,
62
,
77
,
84
–
85
,
108

printing innovations and,
166

public education and,
165

reading books,
90
,
91
–
92
,
108

and social organization,
51
,
58
,
65
,
76
,
78
–
79
,
80
–
81
,
83
,
90
,
97
,
107
–
110
,
117

spread of,
105
–
110
,
117

Literary Machines
,
211
,
213
,
214

“Living in the New Middle Ages,”
vi

Lloyd, William,
137

Locke, John,
9

Louis XV,
150

Lubetzky, Seymour,
169

Lucian,
93

Luther, Martin,
117
,
118
,
151