B004R9Q09U EBOK (45 page)

S

Saccath,
80

Saint Albans Abbey,
85

Saint Columba,
78

Saint Finnian,
78

Saint Jerome,
94

Saint Patrick,
80
–
81
,
86

Saint Riquier Abbey,
94

Salvatorberg cloister,
94

Schiffman, Zachary Sayre,
34
,
79

Schlain, Leonard,
118
,
120

Scholarly publishing,
153
,
196
–
197

citation ranking,
203
–
204

Scholastic methods,
132

Science Citation Index,
204

Scientific method

Bacon’s empiricism,
133
–
137
,
164

classical view of categories and,
32

emergence of,
123
,
130
–
131
,
141
–
142
,
143

and religious doctrine,
139
–
140

and scholarly publishing,
153

Scribes,
49
,
50
,
53
,
76
,
81
,
82
–
83
,
89
,
106

Secular scholarship,
106
,
109
,
115
,
127
,
138
,
141
,
143

Selfish Gene, The
(Dawkins),
12

Semantic scaffolding,
19

Semiramis,
145

Servius,
93

Sextus,
76

Shadunu,
54
–
55

Shakespeare, William,
105
,
122
,
152

Shi Huangdi,
56
,
161

Simon Magus,
262
n.16

Simonides of Ceos,
124

Sixtus IV,
95

Smith, Samuel H.,
162

Smithsonian,
264
n.9

Social behaviors,
14
–
17

and evolution,
11
–
12

human universal,
20
–
21

Social collectivization,
3

Social contracts,
106
–
110

Social fact,
107
,
260
n.6

Social networks

family and kinship,
33
,
34
–
35
,
156
–
157

and hierarchical thinking,
29
,
42
–
43

self-organizing,
65
,
116

and symbolic communication,
41
–
42
,
43
,
45
,
46
,
50

and taxonomies,
29
,
32
–
38
,
156
–
157

textual communities,
117

written communication and,
50
–
51
,
62
,
65

Social systems,
6
.

See also
Cultural change

caste distinctions,
51
,
58

consensual rule sets,
106

digital revolution and,
6
–
7
,
234
–
238

evolution of,
11
–
12
,
106
–
107

Social tagging,
234

Socrates,
65
,
71

Solomon,
100

Sophists,
63

Sophocles,
66
,
72

Sorbonne,
94

Special Libraries Association,
180

Spenser, Edmund,
105

Spiritual beliefs,
1
–
3
,
6

Spoken language,
17
,
28

Stanford Research Institute,
206

Stanford University,
204

Statius,
93

Stein, Gertrude,
22

Stigmergy,
14
–
15
,
108
,
199
,
266
n.18

Stock, Brian,
106
,
108
,
117
,
260
n.8

Strabo,
66

Stretchtext,
212

Subjectivity,
135
,
139

Sumerians,
48
–
49
,
52
,
53
,
55
,
57
,
59
,
231
,
257
n.3

Superstitious belief,
135
–
136
,
140

Svenonius, Elaine,
168

Swarthmore College,
217

Swedish Royal Society of Science,
153

Symbols and symbolic language

adaptive value of,
43
–
44
,
45
–
46

allegorical literature,
100
–
101
,
105

beads and pendants,
42
–
43
,
44
,
107

cave paintings,
43
,
45
–
46
,
257
n.6 (Chapter 3)

Christian iconography,
105
,
118
–
119

emotional meaning,
17
–
19
,
43
–
44

epigenetic rules,
43
–
44

evolutionary progression of,
18
–
19

Incan
Quipu
,
39

illuminated manuscripts,
80
–
86
,
99
,
113

in myths,
41

origins,
40
–
41

social documents,
107
–
108

and social relationships,,
41
–
42
43
,
45
,
46
,
50
,
52
,
107
,
231

stigmergy of,
46
,
108

totems,
42
,
106

T

Tabulating devices,
49

Tarquin,
54

Taxonomies

and adaptive advantage,
24
–
25

Aristotolian,
67
–
68
,
70
,
156

binomial naming,
67
,
156

Buffonian,
152
,
157
–
161
,
164

classical view of categories,
32
,
145

cultural parallels,
25
–
28
,
30
–
31
,
33
–
38

defined,
23

as encyclopedic framework,
34

epigenetic basis,
20
–
21
,
25
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
52
,
65
,
67
,
155
–
156

ethnobiological rank model,
25
,
29
,
34

folk,
5
–
6
,
22
–
27
,
28
–
29
,
30
–
38
,
47
,
52
,
61
,
68
,
100
,
154
–
156
,
164

genealogies,
34
,
59
,
61

Jefferson’s legacy,
152
–
153
,
159
–
160
,
161

Linnaean,
22
,
23
–
24
,
25
,
29
,
32
,
70
,
103
,
153
,
154
–
157
,
158
–
159
,
160
,
164

matter distinguished from form,
68
–
69

mythologies as,
33
,
35
–
36
,
37
–
38
,
59
,
61

New World plants and animals,
154
,
159
–
160

popular literature,
100
,
102
–
105

prototype theory,
30
–
32

recognition of “real names,”
27
,
28
–
29
,
156

social role,
32
–
38

and superstitious beliefs,
38

Wilkins’s universal categories,
137
–
141
,
239
–
241

Zuni system,
5
–
6
,
33
–
34
,
36

Technological innovation

Dark Ages and,
79
,
81

disruptive,
99
,
117
–
121
,
150
–
151
,
183
,
223

population density and,
17
–
18
,
48
–
49

Technological transcendentalism,
1
–
3

Television,
236

Temple archives,
6

Terence,
93

Termite nest building,
14

Text editing tools,
216

Textual communities,
117

Thomas Aquinas, Saint,
113
,
124
–
125
,
126

Thompson, James Westfall,
95

Thoth,
130

Thucydides,
66

Tibetan Buddhism,
130

Tibullus,
93

Time keeping,
49
,
257
n.3

Timon of Philius,
73

Tournefot, Joseph Pitton de,
154

Townsend, Leonard G.,
266
n.14

Trade networks,
43
–
44
,
49
–
50

Transcendentalism,
128

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCI/IP),
224

U

Unicorns,
4

Universal Decimal Classification Consortium,
188

University of California at Berkeley,
179

University of Leyden,
138

University of Minnesota,
224

Unix,
216

Upper Paleolithic period,
42

U.S. Department of Defense,
224

U.S. Patent Office,
197

V

van Dam, Andries,
217

van Schaik, Carel,
16
–
17

Vandals,
77
,
78

Venerable Bede,
86

Viglius,
122
,
127

Virgil,
75

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom,
161

Voltaire,
148

von Frisch, Karl,
14

W

Wallace, A. R.,
5

Walled garden,
93
,
259
n.13

Wark, McKenzie,
229

Watterston, George,
163

Wei Dynasty,
57

Wells, H. G.,
2
,
232

White, Randall,
45

Whitehead, Alfred North,
13

Whole Earth Catalog,
207
–
208

Whole Earth Review,
207
–
208

Wide Area Information Server,
223

Wikipedia project,
150
–
151
,
238

Wilkins, John,
137
–
141
,
186
,
239
–
241

William of Ockham,
113

Willis, John,
124

Willughby, Francis,
137

Wilson, David Sloan,
13

Wilson, E. O.,
19
–
21
,
28
,
32
,
46
,
254
n.9,
255
n.12

Wired
era,
210

Witch burnings,
120
–
121

Wolfe, Tom,
1

Women, Fire and Dangerous Things
(Lakoff ),
31
–
32

Woodblock printing,
110
,
111

Women

encyclopedia on,
144
–
147

librarians,
174

World Brain,
2

World Wide Web,
2
,
147

browsers,
8
,
179
,
201
,
214
,
220
,
228
–
229

Bush’s legacy,
193
–
194

coexistence of oral and written culture,
233
–
238

commercial impetus,
215

document control,
191

limitations,
226
–
229

Nelson’s vision,
213
–
214
,
226
–
228

on NEXT platform,
226

as oral culture,
231
–
234

Otlet’s réseau,
185
–
192

prototypes,
223
–
229

search engines,
6
–
7
,
177
,
179
,
191
,
204

and social and political change,
151
,
183
–
184
,
225
–
226
,
238

social context,
43
,
191
–
192
,
228
,
234

symbolic communication,
44

Wright, H. Curtis,
258
n.18

Writing,
4
,
19
.

See also
Books and bookmaking;

Libraries;

Literacy;

specific cultures

alphabets,
61
–
62

chronological records,
53

clay tablets,
49
–
50
,
51
,
81

colophons,
51
–
52

commercial origins and implications,
49
–
50
,
106
–
107
,
183
,
215

copying,
55
,
76
,
78

craft literacy,
50
,
106

Ebla tablets,
51

emergence of,
46
,
48
–
50
,
257
n.4

Hattusas tablets,
51

knowledge bureaus (ancient),
50
–
58

linear format,
81

list making,
51
,
52

mythological significance,
48
,
54
,
56

narrative,
52
,
53
,
62
,
64
,
183

numbers,
49

phonetic system,
61
–
62

preservation,
53
,
55

process,
206

random access form,
81
,
83
–
84

scribes,
49
–
50
,
51
,
53
,
64
,
80
–
86
,
106

secularization,
92
–
93
,
106
,
139

self-directed,
83

social contracts,
106
–
110

and social transformation,
50
,
62
–
63
,
99
,
106
–
110
,
118

Wurman, Richard Saul,
6

WYSIWIG,
216