Cell Phone Nation: How Mobile Phones Have Revolutionized Business, Politics and Ordinary Life in India (3 page)

LIST OF MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES AND TABLES

MAPS

 

1.
Union of India
States, state capitals and places mentioned in the text.
                        xxxiii
2.
Telecommunications circles
A, B, C and Metro circles as declared by the Government of India.
    xxxiv

ILLUSTRATIONS

(Between pages 142 and 143)

 

Illus. 1.
Multi-tasking. A boatman ferries passengers and checks his phone. Banaras ghats in the background. July 2012. (Photo: Sachidanand Dixit with thanks).
Illus. 2.
Love in a time of SMS.
India Today
’s cover art gives 17th-century lovers 21st-century devices. (
India Today
, 14 October 2002, with permission).
Illus. 3.
Vanishing species. Yellow-painted Public Call Offices (PCOs) were everywhere but are rapidly disappearing. (Photo: Wikipedia, downloaded July 2012).
Illus. 4.
Swamy’s Treatise on Telephone Rules
. The 850-page guide to the mysteries of the government telephone monopoly was a profit-maker until as late as 1993. (Photo: Robin Jeffrey).
Illus. 5.
Duelling telcos. Vodafone and the government service provider BSNL fight for attention in Banaras. October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 6.
Cheeka to the rescue. The mobile phone dog started her advertising career with Hutch and helped move the brand to Vodafone. Cheeka, like the cell phone service she represents, is always there when you need her or so the ad would like us to believe. (Ogilvy & Mather and Vodafone, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 7.
Educating consumers. In one of the many Vodaphone outlets in Banaras, a placard explains to English speakers the wonders of mobile communication—from ‘SMS’ to ‘3G’ and ‘Wifi’. October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 8.
‘I have the touch’, Bollywood superstar Aamir Khan, brand ambassador for Samsung, tells buyers. The handwritten notice makes clear to newcomers to capitalism: ‘Fixed Prices, No Bargaining’. October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 9.
The art of retail, Part 1. Ravi’s privileged Samsung Mobile Outlet. Banaras, June 2010. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 10.  
The art of retail, Part 2. Sales promoters explain features in Ravi’s shop. Banaras, June 2010. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 11.
The art of retail, Part 3. Nokia display at Samir’s modest shop. Banaras, October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 12.
Seasonal work. Sumit came to Samir’s shop to promote Nokia mobiles prior to Diwali in October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 13.
‘Make Distance Vanish’. Cheap calls made long-distance romance possible. 50-paise-per-minute (one US cent). October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 14.
Three towers out of 400,000 across India. North Delhi. July 2012. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 15.
Roadside fixer. Lucknow’s Hazratganj. June 2010. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 16.
Pavement paraphernalia. Mobile-phone gear includes batteries, chargers, cases and more. Delhi. February 2011. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 17.
Mushrooming industry. Diploma from a mobile-phone repair institute. Banaras. February 2011. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 18.
‘Choreography of consumerism’. Nokia’s classy service centres may alienate poor customers. Banaras, October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 19.
‘Nokia life tools. Valuable information—within your reach’. New Delhi. January 2010. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 20.
Tied to the state. Getting a SIM card requires filling out a form, attaching a photograph and providing personal details. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 21.
Sea cells in south India. Kerala fisherman and their phones gained early fame. (Photo:
The Hindu
, 17 May 2012, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 22.
Banking comes to a shop near you. An EKO bank outlet (large white signboard, top centre) and Fast Moving Consumer Goods. New Delhi. February 2011. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 23.
Everybody’s doing it. From Airtel’s smooth middle classes to nicely posed rickshaw pedallers. Chandigarh. May 2009. (Photo: Ajay Varma, Reuters, with permission).
Illus. 24.
Communication technology, old style. Kanshi Ram, organizational genius of the Bahujan Samaj Party, on a cycle
yaatra
. (Photo:
http://www.ambedkartimes.com/
sahib_kanshi_ram.htm
. Photographer and original place of publication unknown).
Illus. 25.
SMSing to the faithful. Message to Bahujan Samaj Party workers calling on them to celebrate the 75th birthday of their late founder, Kanshi Ram, in 2009. Blue is the party colour—thus ‘Blue Salute’. (Photo: Robin Jeffrey, June 2010).
Illus. 26.
Communication technology, Mark II. Akhilesh Yadav takes up Kanshi Ram’s bicycle and adds a mobile phone for the 2012 election campaign in Uttar Pradesh. (
India Today
, 5 March 2012, with permission).
Illus. 27.
Communication technology, Mark III. Tribal women send news items to CGNet Swara. (Photo: Purusottam Singh Thakur and CGNet Swara, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 28.
Phoning or broadcasting? Tribal woman sends message to SGNet Swara. (Photo: Purusottam Singh Thakur and CGNet Swara, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 29.
Buying vegetables? Unsettling society? Mobile phones force families to make choices. Why didn’t she ring her vegetable seller and ask him to deliver? Banaras. October 2009. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 30.
Who owns the mobile? India’s leading mobile phone magazine calls itself
My Mobile
and puts phone-wielding women on its cover. Elsewhere, families agonized about whether women should have phones. (
My Mobile
, Hindi edition, September 2011, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 31.
A woman with a phone excited some people. Bhojpuri video clip,
Mobile Wali: Woman with a Mobile Phone
. Singers: Manoj Tiwari, ‘Mridul’ and Trishna. Publisher: WAVE VCD. (Accessed from YouTube on 23 July 2012. Screen dump by Paul Brugman, Australian National University).
Illus. 32.
For some, a phone in a woman’s hand was a disturbing accessory.
Mobile Wali: Woman with a Mobile Phone
. Singers: Manoj Tiwari, ‘Mridul’ and Trishna. Publisher: WAVE VCD. (YouTube, 23 July 2012. Screen dump by Paul Brugman, Australian National University).
Illus. 33.
‘The Washerwoman with the Mobile Phone’. Cover of DVD entitled
Mobile Wali Dhobiniya
. Singers: Dinesh Lal Gaundh and Noorjehan. Publisher: GANGA VCD. (Photo: Paul Brugman, Australian National University).
Illus. 34.
Youth market. ‘Adult film star’ Sunny Leone became brand ambassador for Chaze mobiles. Chaze chased younger buyers with the offer of cheap multimedia phones. (
My Mobile
, 12 July 2012, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 35.
Terror and an amulet. A burned victim of the Mumbai bombings of 13 July 2011 clutches a connection to aid and succour—his cell phone. (
Outlook
, 25 July 2011, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 36.
Brain tumours, heart attacks, cancer and impotence are some of the things mobile phone radiation can do to you, according to this advertisement on a men’s toilet in New Delhi in July 2012. Prabhatam, the advertiser, offered ‘radiation-safe mobile solutions’. (Photo: Assa Doron).
Illus. 37.
SIM card throwaways. Discarded telecom goods pose growing challenges. The tiny SIM-circuit portion of these cards has been popped out and inserted in a phone. (Photo: Toxic Link, with permission and thanks).
Illus. 38.
This adult-sized mound of waste was being picked over by cottage-industry waste-recyclers. Outskirts of New Delhi, 2012. (Photo: Toxic Link, with permission and thanks).

FIGURES

 

Fig. 1.
Phone subscribers in India, 1998–2012, Wireline and Wireless, in millions.
7

TABLES

 

Table 1.1.
Phone Connections in India, 1947 to 2011.
28
Table 1.2.
Items carried by Indian Posts, 2004–05 to 2008–09.
29

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the Preface, we acknowledged debts to institutions
and to the very special family people who put up with us on a limited-warranty, no-refund, no-return basis.

Here, we try to thank those who helped us in a great many different and special ways. Some are longtime victims of our writing, consulted regularly for their willingness both to encourage and to warn. Into this category fall Alex Broom, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Nalin Mehta, Kama Maclean, Talis Polis, Philip Taylor and Ira Raja.

Others, like Kishor Dabke, have given us very special help—Kishor, in trying to improve our understanding of Radio Frequency technology and what it means for mobile telephony. He bears no responsibility, however, for errors that remain: they are our fault. Charles Thomson became for us a set of ever-inquisitive ears and eyes roaming north India in the course of his work with EKO and providing us with leads about mobile-phone developments. David Brewster, as a lawyer once involved in telecom contracting, read parts of the manuscript. Philip Lutgendorf read, listened, suggested and sent us photographs. Sonia Sharma and her colleagues at
MyMobile
have never turned us away when we have come calling on them for advice and connections. V. Thiruppugazh is someone from whose guidance we have frequently profited.

On visits to Lucknow and Allahabad, we benefited from the generosity of time and hospitality of M. Aslam (Allahabad University), Vivek Kumar (JNU), Badri Narayan (Pant Institute) and the journalist Sharat Pradhan.

Friends tolerated a diet of telephone tittle-tattle and
were still willing to abet our enthusiasm by putting us in touch with their connections able to help us with our inquiries. Nir Avieli, Frank Conlon, Eva Fisch, Maxine Loynd, Barbara Nelson, Amitendu Palit, Peter Mayer, Ronit Ricci, Jesse Rumsey-Merlan, Ronojoy Sen, Ornit-Shani, Pratima Singh, David Shulman, Kate Sullivan, Matt Wade, Thomas Weber and Tamir Yahav all fall into the category of patient listeners and generous helpers.

Helen Parsons in Canberra helped us shape the manuscript by bringing to bear on it the attentions of a skilful editor. Lee Li Kheng, a delightful cartographer at the National University of Singapore, drew the maps. We were remarkably lucky to encounter two editorial executives who shared our enthusiasm for this project. Michael Dwyer at C. Hurst in London, with whom Jeffrey had worked before, gave the project an adrenalin charge with his quick and keen response to our first approach. And Doron’s lucky meeting with Sharmila Sen of Harvard University Press connected us with another inspiring energiser.

Scholars like Amita Baviskar, Greg Bailey, Sara Dickey, Rachel Dwyer, Michael H. Fisher, Peter Friedlander, Hugo Gorringe, Charu Gupta, Dennis McGilvray, S. Narayan, Sudha Pai, Anand Pandian, Arvind Rajagopal, Ursula Rao and Clarinda Still were similarly willing to overlook—and encourage—our phone fetish. They read things, offered things, made suggestions and put us onto new sources.

We benefited greatly from getting to know the participants at a workshop on cell phones that we ran at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS) in Singapore in February 2011, sponsored by ISAS, the Australian Research Council and the Ford Foundation. Those participants were Ang Peng Hwa, Shubranshu Choudhary, Subhashish Gupta, Sunil Mani, Janan Mosazai, Nimmi Rangaswamy, Abhishek Sinha, Deepali Sharma, Sirpa Tenhunen, Zhang Weiyu and Ayesha Zainudeen.

From Doron, special thanks go to Ajay ‘Pinku’ Pandey whose ongoing assistance in translation, interviews and friendship proved as invaluable as ever. Others who offered their time and assistance in India include Pradeep Manjhi, Nitya Pandey, Deepak Sahani, Rakesh Singh, Ravi Varma, Samir Singh, Sumit Churasia, Dr A. B. Singh, and Vimal Mehra. Jeffrey is indebted to T. K. Basu, T. V. Ramachandran, Bobby Sebastian,
Gopal Srinivasan, P. Vijayan and T. Willington for connections, directions and instructive conversations. Both of us have benefited from the advice of Anshuman Tiwari.

The people we have named so far do not include dozens of Controllers, Connectors and Consumers of the cell phone who talked to us in settings varying from the slick corporate offices of Oberoi Garden City, Mumbai, to the busy stalls of Daal Mandi, Banaras, or palm-shaded tower sites around Kochi. Some of these debts are recorded in the footnotes. Our
gratitude to so many patient, informative and entertaining people is immense.

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