Authors: Robin Jeffrey
22.
Gautama Dharmasutra
, 12.1, in Patrick Olivelle (ed. and trans.),
Dharmasutra. The Law Codes of Ancient India
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) p. 98.
23.
‘Uttar Pradesh. ‘Data Highlights: The Scheduled Castes. Census of India 2001’,
http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/
SCST/dh_sc_up.pdf
(accessed 15 July 2010). Kanchan Chandra,
Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 173.
24.
Mahesh Rangarajan in
Hindustan
, 27 April 2007.
25.
Interview with A. Doron, Lucknow, 7 June 2010. Names of the interviewees are available, but we preserve their anonymity here.
26.
Ibid.
27.
The works of Sudha Pai,
Dalit Assertion and the Unfinished Revolution
, Christoffe Jaffrelot,
India’s Silent Revolution
(London: C. Hurst, 2003), Vivek Kumar,
India’s Roaring Revolution
(New Delhi: Gagandeep, 2006) and Badri Narayan,
The Making of the Dalit Public in North India
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011) document the BAMCEF and BSP stories. Sunetra Choudhury,
Braking News
(Gurgaon: Hachette India, 2010), pp. 111–14, for the surprise encounters of a New Delhi TV journalist with mobile phones while covering the 2009 national elections in UP.
28.
Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI),
Annual Report, 2005–06
, Figure 2.2, p. 100.
29.
In 2005, minimum wages for agricultural labourers under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA) varied from state to state. The low end was Rs 60 a day.
http://nrega.nic.in/wages.pdf
(accessed 11 August 2010). In 2010, the cost of a cell phone was as low as Rs 850 for a basic Tata/Reliance CDMA model, and illegal China mobiles could be purchased for as little as Rs 500.
30.
Plouffe,
Audacity
, p. 378: ‘we put a huge premium on … the power of human beings’ talking to human beings, online, on the phone, and at the door’.
31.
TRAI,
Annual Report, 2005–06
, Table 1.3, p. 40 and TRAI,
Annual Report, 2006–7
, Table 1.3, p. 41.
32.
Rural phone penetration in UP was estimated to have reached 10 phones per 100 people in 2009. Department of Telecommunications,
Annual Report, 2008–09
(New Delhi: Dept of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and IT, 2009), p. 129.
33.
Bose,
Behenji
, p. 175.
34.
Ibid., p. 176.
35.
Raghav Sharma [pseudonym], ‘Magic realism of
Mayajaal
’,
Hard News
, May 2007, pp. 17–19,
http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2007/10/1287
(accessed 21 July 2010).
36.
Mahesh Rangarajan, ‘Why Mayawati Matters’,
Seminar
, No. 581 (January 2008).
37.
Interview, Anil Kumar, with A. Doron, Lucknow, 8 June 2010.
38.
‘INDIA-Uttar Pradesh State Roads Project’, Project ID P067606 (New Delhi: World Bank, 2002), p. 2,
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000094946_00060105320186
(accessed 22 July 2010).
39.
Robin Jeffrey, ‘[Not] Being There: Dalits and India’s Newspapers’,
South Asia
, vol. 24, no. 2 (December 2001), pp. 225–38.
40.
Eva-Maria Hardtmann,
The Dalit Movement in India
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 3. Bose,
Behenji
, pp. 110–11.
41.
Bose,
Behenji
, p. 111.
42.
Interview, Satish Mishra, with R. Jeffrey, Lucknow, 7 June 2010.
43.
Interview, V. Thiruppugazh, Commissioner of Information, Government of Gujarat, with R. Jeffrey, New Delhi, 8 June 2010.
44.
These concerns about social justice and caste discrimination were picked up in the popular advertising campaign by the ‘Idea’ cellular group. For example, see
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STZAcD2R6YI
(accessed 15 April 2012).
45.
Indian Express
, 25 May 2009,
http://www.indianexpress.com/story-rint/465258
(accessed 23 July 2010).
46.
Election
Commission of India,
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/
Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf
(accessed 23 July 2010).
47.
Interview, P. L. Punia, with R. Jeffrey, Lucknow, 5 June 2010.
48.
Ibid.
49.
Ibid.
50.
Ibid.
51.
India Today
, 12 March 2012, cover.
52.
EPW
, 7 April 2012, pp. 80–6, for detailed statistics of the 2012 UP elections.
53.
Marion Walton and Jonathan Donner, ‘Red-Write-Erase: Mobile-Mediated Publics in South Africa’s 2009 Elections’, p. 7, paper presented at the International Conference on Mobile Communication and Social Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 9–11 October 2009,
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/jdonner
(accessed July 2010).
54.
Ibid., p. 8.
55.
Rodney King died in 2012 at 47.
International Herald Tribune
, 19 June 2012, p. 6. A CNN documentary shows the footage,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWhYmb1sANM
(accessed 25 June 2012).
56.
Financial Times
, 8 December 2008,
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/04a981ce-c553–11dd-b516–000077b07658.html#axzz1f3yKKyHv
(accessed 29 November 2011). The presidential contest took a run-off to elect Atta-Mills. Though close, the result was accepted because the election was seen to have been fair and free.
57.
International Herald Tribune
, 26–27 November 2011, pp. 1, 4.
58.
http://bambuser.com/
(accessed 29 November 2011). If they wanted to be ideally equipped, they could buy for less than US $200 a Looxsee, a tiny camera with 10-hours of capacity that attached to one’s ear, hat or garment.
http://looxcie.com/
(accessed 29 November 2011). For video and Bambuser in the ‘Arab spring’,
International Herald Tribune
, 21 February 2011, p. 18.
59.
Quoted by Clive Thompson, ‘Establishing Rules in the Videocam Age’,
Wired
, 28 June 2011,
http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/06/
st_thompson_videomonitoaring/
(accessed 29 November 2011).
60.
Shubhranshu Choudhary, interview with Sinderpal Singh, ISAS Video Insights, 17 February 2011,
http://nuscast.nus.edu.sg/PublicEvents/1/
MODVideoOnly.aspx?KEY=d5486bd9-d7c2–4315-a3f9–33ce2bc91bd6
(accessed 30 November 2011) and refer to
http://cgnetswara.org/about.html
(accessed 30 November 2011).
61.
See
More than Maoism
, eds Robin Jeffrey, Ronojoy Sen and Pratima Singh (New Delhi: Manohar for the Institute of South Asian Studies, Singapore, 2012), for chapters on the ‘Maoist movement’ and tribal people.
62.
‘Chhattisgarh bans
cell phone in schools’,
iGovernment
, 20 April 2010,
http://www.igovernment.in/site/chhattisgarh-bans-cell-phoneschools-37399
(accessed 30 November 2011). ‘Chhattisgarh to remove illegal cell phone towers’,
Siasat
, 22 March 2010,
http://www.siasat.com/english/news/chhattisgarh-remove-illegal-cell-phone-towers
(accessed 30 November 2011).
63.
See Anoop Saha, ‘Cellphones as a Tool for Democracy: The Example of CGNet Swara’,
EPW
, 14 April 2012, pp. 23–26.
64.
Smita Choudhary, ‘Speak Up a Revolution’, manuscript, sent to R. Jeffrey by email, 5 April 2012.
65.
Shubhranshu Choudhary, interview with Sinderpal Singh, 17 February 2011.
66.
Ibid.
67.
Frontline
, 12 August 2011, p. 90. ‘The Baigas were given their payment after a week of the story [going] out but there was no action against the BDO [Block Development Officer]’, Choudhary later reported. Email to R. Jeffrey, 30 November 2011.
68.
David Singh Grewal,
Network Power: The Social Dynamics of Globalization
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 6–10.
69.
Grewal chooses a few dominant technologies and the components of the World Trade Organization as examples of how ‘network power’ arises and operates. Grewal,
Network Power
, especially Chapters 7 and 8.
70.
Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman,
Networked: the New Social Operating System
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012), pp. 285–8, 291–6. They offered two future-gazing scenarios, one cheery, the other bleak.
71.
Ibid., p. 294.
7. FOR WOMEN AND HOUSEHOLDS
1.
Times of India
, 5 June 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011–06–05/india/29622994_1_boyfriend-cellphone-police
(accessed 12 January 2012).
2.
Times of India
, 3 June 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011–06–03/patna/29616827_1_warisaliganj-nawada-boyfriend
(accessed 12 January 2012).
3.
Ibid.
4.
India Today
, 14 October 2002,
http://archives.digitaltoday.in/
indiatoday/20021014/cover.html
(accessed 16 January 2012).
5.
Jonathan Donner, Nimmi Rangaswamy, Molly Steenson and Carolyn Weil, ‘“Express Yourself” and “Stay Together”: the middle-class Indian family’, in Katz (ed.),
Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies
, pp. 325–37.
6.
Times of India
, 19 June 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011–06–19/india/29676266_1_mobile-phones-bans-unmarried-girls
(accessed 12 January 2012).
7.
Times of India
, 23 November
2010,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
2010–11–23/india/28235199_1_mobile-phones-panchayat-gotra-marriages
(accessed 12 January 2012). See also
Hindu
, 13 July 2012, for a similar proclamation by village elders in western UP.
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/
article3632680.ece
(accessed 13 July 2012).
8.
Tehelka
, 31 March 2012, p. 36.
9.
Anneryan Heatwole, ‘Deconstructing Mobiles: Myths and Realities about Women and Mobile Phones’, 16 October 2009,
Mobile Active.org
,
http://mobileactive.org/deconstructing-mobiles-women-and-mobiles
(accessed 9 March 2010).
10.
Marvin,
When Old Technologies Were New
, p. 23, quoted in Michele Martin, ‘
Hello, Central’: Gender, Technology and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems
(Quebec: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1991), p. 140.
11.
Fischer,
America Calling
, p. 78.
12.
Diane, Z. Umble, ‘The Amish and the Telephone: Resistance and Reconstruction’, in Roger Silverstone and Eric Hirsch (eds),
Consuming Technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces
(London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 171–81.