Colin Woodard (50 page)

11
Serge Schmemann, “The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering,”
New York Times
, 15 May 2007.

1
John H. Burns, “The Present Status of the Spanish-Americans of New Mexico,”
Social Forces
, December 1949, pp. 133–138.

2
Charles C. Mann,
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
, New York: Knopf, 2005, pp. 102–103.

3
Alan Taylor,
American Colonies: The Settling of North America
, New York: Penguin, 2001, p. 53–54; Mann, pp. 102–103.

4
Mann (2005), pp. 140–141; Taylor (2001), p. 57.

5
Thomas Campanella,
A Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy
[1598], London: William Prynne, 1659, pp. 9, 223.

6
David J. Weber,
The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846
, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982, p. 232; David J. Weber,
The Spanish Frontier in North America
, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992, p. 322.

7
Taylor (2001), pp. 460–461; Weber (1992), pp. 306–308; Weber (1982), pp. 45–46.

8
Taylor (2001), p. 61.

9
James D. Kornwolf and Georgiana Kornwolf,
Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America, Vol. 1
, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 2002, pp. 122, 140; Robert E. Wright, “Spanish Missions,” in
Handbook of Texas Online
at
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/
articles/SS/its2.html.

10
Weber (1992), p. 306; Jean Francois Galaup de La Perouse (1786) as quoted in James J. Rawls, “The California Mission as Symbol and Myth,”
California History
, Fall 1992, p. 344.

11
Russell K. Skowronek, “Sifting the Evidence: Perceptions of Life at the Ohlone (Costanoan) Missions of Alta California,”
Ethnohistory
, Fall 1998, pp. 697–699.

12
Weber (1982), pp. 123–124, 279.

13
Weber (1992), pp. 15, 324.

14
Clark S. Knowlton, “Patron-Peon Pattern among the Spanish Americans of New Mexico,”
Social Forces
, October 1962, pp. 12–17; Gastil (1975), p. 249.

15
Phillips (1969), pp. 282–283; Andrew Gumbel,
Steal This Vote: Dirty Elections and the Rotten History of Democracy in America
, New York: Nation Books, 2005, pp. 17–22.

16
Weber (1982), pp. 243, 284; Martinez (1988), pp. 107–111.

17
Taylor (2001), pp. 82, 458–460; Paul Horgan,
Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History
, Vol. I, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1954, pp. 225–226; Weber (1982), pp. 92, 123.

18
Weber (1992), pp. 326–328; Manuel G. Gonzalez,
Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 53; Martinez (1988), p. 107.

19
Edward Larocque Tinker, “The Horsemen of the Americas,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, May 1962, p. 191; Odie B. Faulk, “Ranching in Spanish Texas,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, May 1965, pp. 257, 166; C. Allan Jones,
Texas Roots: Agricultural and Rural Life Before the Civil War
, College Station: Texas A&M University, 2005, pp. 12–16; Peter Tamony, “The Ten-Gallon or Texas Hat,”
Western Folklore
, April 1965, pp. 116–117.

20
Hubert Howe Bancroft,
The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft
, Vol. 19, San Francisco: The History Company, 1886, p. 162; C. Wayne Hanselka and D. E. Kilgore, “The Nueces Valley: The Cradle of the Western Livestock Industry,”
Rangelands
, October 1987, p. 196.

1
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France
, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1972, p. 41.

2
David Hackett Fischer,
Champlain's Dream
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, pp. 21, 37–45, 134.

3
Ibid., pp. 118, 134, 342, 528–529.

4
Samuel de Champlain,
Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618
, Vol. 4, New York: Scribner & Sons, 1907, pp. 54–55; Helena Katz, “Where New France Was Forged,”
The Globe & Mail
(Toronto), 26 July 2004.

5
Fischer (2008), pp. 210–217.

6
Morison (1972), pp. 94–95; Fischer (2008), pp. 212–219. The teens were Charles de Biencourt (future governor and vice admiral of Acadia), Charles La Tour (future governor of Acadia), and Robert du Pont-Grave (who became a leading fur trader in the St. John Valley).

7
Fischer (2008), pp. 380, 401, 457; Cornelius J. Jaenan, “Problems of Assimilation in New France, 1603–1645,”
French Historical Studies
, Spring 1966, p. 275.

8
Sigmund Diamond, “An Experiment in ‘Feudalism': French Canada in the Seventeenth Century,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, January 1961, pp. 5–13.

9
One was my eighth-great-grandmother, who came to Québec in 1671, married another recent immigrant, and bore at least four children.

10
Peter N. Moogk, “Reluctant Exiles: Emigrants from France in Canada before 1760,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, July 1989, pp. 471, 477–484, 488; Stanislas A. Lortie and Adjutor Rivard,
L'Origine et le parler de Canadiens-français
, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1903, p. 11; Fischer (2008), pp. 472–488.

11
Moogk (1989), pp. 497; John Ralston Saul,
A Fair Country: Telling Truths About Canada
, Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2008, pp. 9, 11; Diamond (1961), pp. 25, 30.

12
Diamond (1961), p. 30; Saul (2008), pp. 10–11; Alaric and Gretchen F. Faulkner, “Acadian Settlement 1604–1674,” in Richard W. Judd et al., eds.,
Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present
, Orono: University of Maine Press, 1994, p. 93; Owen Stanwood, “Unlikely Imperialist: The Baron of Saint-Castin and the Transformation of the Northeastern Borderlands,”
French Colonial History
, Vol. 5, 2004, pp. 48–49.

13
Diamond (1961), pp. 21–23.

14
Ibid., pp. 22–23, 28–29; Robert Forster, “France in America,”
French Historical Studies
, Spring 2000, pp. 242–243.

15
Moogk (1989), p. 464.

1
Taylor (2001), pp. 129–131; John Smith, “A True Relation (1608)” in Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed.,
Narratives of Early Virginia
, New York: Scribner & Sons, 1907, pp. 136–137; Cary Carson et al., “New World, Real World: Improvising English Culture in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,”
Journal of Southern History
, February 2008, p. 40.

2
Carson et al., pp. 40, 68; Jack P. Greene,
Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, p. 9.

3
Carson et al., p. 69.

4
Taylor (2001), pp. 125–136.

5
Greene (1988), p. 12.

6
Oscar and Mary F. Handlin, “Origins of the Southern Labor System,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1950, p. 202; Bernard Bailyn,
Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution
, New York: Knopf, 1986, pp. 345–348; David Hackett Fischer,
Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 401–402.

7
Greene (1988), p. 84; Handlin & Handlin, pp. 202–204; James H. Brewer, “Negro Property Owners in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, October 1955, pp. 576, 578.

8
Taylor (2001), pp. 136–137; Robert D. Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions: The Seventeenth Century Chesapeake,”
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
, Vol. 73, No. 3, 1983, pp. 411–412.

9
Warren M. Billings,
Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia
, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004, pp. 97–109; Kevin Phillips,
The Cousins' Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America
, New York: Basic Books, 1999, pp. 58–59.

10
Billings (2004), p. 107; Douglas Southall Freeman,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
, New York: Charles Scribner, 1934, p. 160; Fischer (1989), pp. 212–219; David Hackett Fischer, “Albion and the Critics: Further Evidence and Reflection,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1991, p. 287; Willard Sterne Randall,
George Washington: A Life
, New York: Holt, 1998, pp. 9–13.

11
Wallace Notestein,
The English People on the Eve of Colonization
, New York: Harper & Row, 1954, pp. 45–60; John Toland, ed.,
The Oceana and other works of James Harrington, with an account of his life
, London: T. Becket & T. Cadell, 1737, p. 100.

12
Martin H. Quitt, “Immigrant Origins of the Virginia Gentry: A Study of Cultural Transmission and Innovation,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, October 1988, pp. 646–648.

13
Daniel J. Boorstin,
The Americans: The Colonial Experience
, New York: Vintage, 1958, pp. 106–107.

14
Carson et al., p. 84.

15
Fischer (1989), pp. 220–224.

16
Ibid., pp. 398–405; Rhys Isaac,
The Transformation of Virginia
, New York: W. W. Norton, 1982, pp. 134–135.

17
David Hackett Fischer,
Liberty and Freedom
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 5–9.

18
Isaac (1982), pp. 35–39, 66; Kornwolf and Kornwolf (2002), Vol. 2, pp. 578–588, 725; Fischer (1989), p. 412.

19
Fischer (1989), p. 388; Greene (1988), pp. 82–84.

1
Boorstin (1958), pp. 1–9; Greene (1988), p. 19; William D. Williamson,
The History of the State of Maine,
Vol. 1, Hallowell, ME: Glazier, Masters & Co., 1839, pp. 380–381; Fischer (1989), p. 55; Alice Morse Earle,
The Sabbath in Puritan New England
, New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1902, pp. 246–247.

2
Greene (1988), pp. 20–21.

3
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
[1835],
Vol. 1
, New York: Knopf, 1945, pp. 32–33.

4
Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker,
The Puritan Oligarchy
, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947, pp. 44–47; Fischer (1989), p. 38n.

5
Fischer (1989), pp. 130–131.

6
Taylor (2001), pp. 195, 202.

7
Emerson W. Baker,
The Devil of Great Island: Witchcraft and Conflict in Early New England
, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007, pp. 134–139.

8
Richard Baxter,
Life and Times
, London: M. Sylvester, 1696, p. 51; D. E. Kennedy,
The English Revolution, 1642–1649
, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, p. 75 (quoting John Wildman).

1
Robert C. Ritchie,
The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664–1691
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977, pp. 26–29; H. L. Mencken,
The American Language
, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1921, p. 348.

2
“Relation of 1647” in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed.,
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents
, Vol. 31, Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1898, p. 99

3
R. R. Palmer and Joel Colton,
A History of the Modern World to 1815
, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1983, pp. 159–163; Els M. Jacobs,
In Pursuit of Pepper and Tea: The Story of the Dutch East India Company
, Amsterdam: Netherlands Maritime Museum, 1991, pp. 11–18.

4
Russell Shorto,
Island at the Center of the World
, New York: Doubleday, 2004, pp. 94–100; James H. Tully, ed.,
A Letter Concerning Toleration
[1689], Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1983, p. 1.

5
Joep de Koning, “Governors Island: Lifeblood of American Liberty,” paper given at the AANS/NNS Conference, Albany, NY, 9 June 2006, pp. 3–4, 8–10; Shorto, (2004) pp. 94–96; William Bradford, “History of Plymouth Plantation [1648]” in William T. Davis, ed.,
Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation 1606–1646
, New York: Charles Scribner's & Sons, 1920, p. 46.

6
Oliver A. Rink,
Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 156.

7
Ibid., pp. 98–115; Taylor (2001), p. 255.

8
Rink (1986), pp.233–235; Koning (2006), pp. 12–14; Thomas J. Archdeacon,
New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, p. 45.

9
Rink (1986), p. 227; p. 169; Laurence M. Hauptman and Ronald G. Knapp, “Dutch-Aboriginal interaction in New Netherland and Formosa: An historical geography of empire,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, April 1977, pp. 166–175; Shorto (2004), p. 124.

10
Ritchie (1977), pp. 150–151; William S. Pelletreau,
Genealogical and Family History of New York,
Vol. 1, New York: Lewis Publishing Co., 1907, pp. 147–153; Cuyler Reynolds,
Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York,
Vol. 3, New York: Lewis Publishing Co., 1914, p. 1371; Lyon Gardiner Tyler,
Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography,
Vol. 4, New York: Lewis Historical, 1915, p. 5.