Colin Woodard (53 page)

13
Beasley (2006), p. 47; Kevin R. Gutzman, “A Troublesome Legacy: James Madison and ‘The Principles of '98,' ”
Journal of the Early Republic
, Vol. 15, No. 4, Winter 1995, pp. 580–581; Birte Pflegler, “ ‘Miserable Germans' and Fries's Rebellion,”
Early American Studies
, Fall 2004, pp. 343–361.

14
McCullough (2001), p. 521; Fischer (1989), p. 843.

15
McCullough (2001), pp. 521–525.

16
Donald W. Meinig, “Continental America, 1800–1915: The View of a Historical Geographer,”
The History Teacher
, Vol. 22, No. 2, February 1989, p. 192; Edmund Quincy,
Life of Josiah Quincy
, Boston: Ticknor & Fields, p. 91; Banner (1970), p. 100.

17
Banner (1970), pp. 13–14, 34–35, 37;
Patriotick Proceedings
, p. 90; Alison LaCroix, “A Singular and Awkward War: The Transatlantic Context of the Hartford Convention,”
American Nineteenth Century History
, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2005, p. 10.

18
Banner (1970), pp. 41–42; J. S. Martell, “A Side Light on Federalist Strategy During the War of 1812,”
American Historical Review
, Vol. 43, No. 3, April 1938, pp. 555–556; Samuel Eliot Morison, ed.,
The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis
, Vol. 2, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913, pp. 5–8; “Federal Project of Secession from the Union,”
The Democrat
[Boston], 1 February 1809, p. 3.

19
Maine, the sixth New England state, didn't regain its independence from Massachusetts until 1820; Samuel Eliot Morison, “Our Most Unpopular War,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
, Third Series, Vol. 80 (1968), pp. 39–43.

20
Donald R. Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, p. 256; Martell (1938), pp. 559–564; Meinig (1989), p. 199.

21
Morison (1968), pp. 47–52; “The Crisis,”
Columbian Centinel
[Boston], 17 December 1814, p. 1.

22
Morison (1968), pp. 52–54; “Report and the Resolutions of the Hartford Convention,”
Public Documents Containing the Proceedings of the Hartford Convention
, Boston: Massachusetts Senate, 1815.

1
Frederick Merk,
History of the Westward Movement
, New York: Knopf, 1978, pp. 112–114; Howard Allen Bridgman,
New England in the Life of the World
, Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1920, pp. 30, 34–35.

2
Bridgman, pp. 49, 51, 64–66; Lois Kimball Matthews,
The Expansion of New England
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909, p. 180.

3
“Marietta College,” in James J. Burns,
The Educational History of Ohio
, Columbus: Historical Publishing Co., 1905, p. 370; Albert E. E. Dunning,
The Congregationalists in America
, New York: J. A. Hill, 1894, pp. 368–377.

4
Matthews (1909), pp. 207, 231; Ellis B. Usher, “The Puritan Influence in Wisconsin,”
Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin
[for 1898], Madison, WI, 1899, pp. 119, 122;
Portrait and Biographical Record of Sheboygan County
,
Wisconsin,
Chicago: Excelsior, 1894, pp. 125–184; Bridgman (1920), p. 112.

5
Phillips (1969), pp. 331–332.

6
Rev. M. W. Montgomery, “The Work Among the Scandinavians,”
Home Missionary
, March 1886, p. 400.

7
Paul Kleppner,
The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979, p. 48; John H. Fenton,
Midwest Politics
, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966, p. 77; Paul Kleppner,
The Cross of Culture: A Social Analysis of Midwestern Politics, 1850–1900
, New York: Free Press, 1970, pp. 76–78.

8
The classic study is Kleppner (1979). See also Phillips (1969); Fenton; Kleppner (1970).

9
Stewart H. Holbrook,
The Yankee Exodus
, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1950, pp. 68–72.

10
Merk (1978), p. 119.

11
Kevin Phillips,
American Theocracy
, New York: Viking, 2006, pp. 110–111; D. Michael Quinn,
Early Mormonism and the Magic World View
, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998, pp. 64–128.

12
Phillips (2006), p. 109.

1
Albert Bernhardt Faust,
The German Element in America
, Vol. 1, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1901, p. 421–422; Robert Swierenga, “The Settlement of the Old Northwest: Ethnic Pluralism in a Featureless Plain,”
Journal of the Early Republic
, Vol. 9, No. 1, Spring 1989, pp. 82–85.

2
Federal Gazette
[Philadelphia], 5 March 1789, p. 2; Kleppner (1979), pp. 57–59.

3
Swierenga, pp. 89–90, 93; Faust, Vol. 1, pp. 447–448, 461; Richard Sisson et al., eds.,
The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007, p. 741.

4
Faust, Vol. 1, pp. 90–104; John A. Hawgood,
The Tragedy of German America
, New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1950, p. 219.

5
Thomas D. Hamm,
The Quakers in America
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2003, pp. 38–39, 50.

6
Richard Pillsbury, “The Urban Street Pattern as a Culture Indicator: Pennsylvania, 1682–1815,”
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
, Vol. 60, No. 3, September 1970, p. 437; Faust, Vol. 2, pp. 28–30.

7
Krista O'Donnell et al.,
The Heimat Abroad: The Boundaries of Germanness
, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005, pp. 144–145; Hawgood (1950), p. 41.

8
Kleppner (1979), pp. 180–187; Phillips (1999), p. 436.

9
Phillips (1999), pp. 434–436.

1
Robert E. Chaddock,
Ohio Before 1815
, New York: Columbia University, 1908, p. 240; p. 173; David Walker Howe,
What Hath God Wrought?: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848:
New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 239; Richard Power,
Planting Corn Belt Culture: The Impress of the Upland Southerner and Yankee in the Old Northwest
, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1953, p. 41.

2
Narrative of Richard Lee Mason in the Pioneer West
, 1819, New York: C. F. Heartman, 1915, p. 35; Frederick Law Olmsted,
The Cotton Kingdom
, Vol. 2, New York: Mason Brothers, 1862, p. 309; Nicole Etcheson,
The Emerging Midwest: Upland Southerners and the Political Culture of the Old Northwest, 1787–1861
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996, p. 5; Howe (2007), p. 137.

3
Merk (1978), pp. 125–126; Allan Kulikoff,
Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism
, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992, p. 218.

4
Journal of the Senate of Illinois
, Springfield: Illinois Journal, 1869, p. 373; Etcheson (1996), pp. 6, 12; Howe (2007), p. 139.

5
Power (1953), pp. 35–36.

6
Ibid., pp. 115–119.

7
Ibid., pp. 112–115.

8
Ibid., pp. 97–124.

9
Frank L. Klement, “Middle Western Copperheadism and the Genesis of the Granger Movement,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, Vol. 38, No. 4, March 1952, p. 682; Etcheson (1996), p. 7.

10
Etcheson (1996), pp. 36, 44.

11
Phillips (1969), p. 293; Clement Vallandigham,
Speeches, Arguments, Addresses, and Letters
, New York: J. Walter, 1864, pp. 101, 104; Kleppner (1979), pp. 235–236; Merk (1978), p. 120–122, 408–409.

12
C. C. Royce,
Map of the Territorial Limits of the Cherokee Nation of Indians [and] Cessions
, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1884; Jeff Biggers,
The United States of Appalachia,
Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2006, pp. 34–35.

13
Biggers, pp. 29–44; Patrick Minges, “Are You Kituwah's Son? Cherokee Nationalism and the Civil War,” paper presented at the American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting, Philadelphia: November 1995; Howe (2007), pp. 343–346.

14
Andrew Jackson,
Fifth Annual Address to Congress
, 3 December 1833.

15
Merk (1978), p. 121; Fischer (1989), pp. 849–850; Margaret Bayard Smith,
The First Forty Years of Washington Society
, New York: Scribner, 1906, pp. 295–296; Edward L. Ayers, Lewis L. Gould, David M. Oshinsky, and Jean R. Soderlund,
American Passages: A History of the United States
, Boston: Wadsworth Cengage, 2009, pp. 282–283.

16
Howe (2007), pp. 344–357, 414–416.

17
Elliott J. Gorn, “Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch: The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry,”
American Historical Review
, Vol. 90, No. 1, February 1985, pp. 18–43.

18
Phillips (2006), pp. 108–113.

1
Merk (1978), pp. 205–207.

2
Howe (2007), pp. 127–129; Frank L. Owsley, “The Pattern of Migration and Settlement on the Southern Frontier,”
Journal of Southern History
, Vol. 11, No. 2, March 1945, pp. 147–176; Merk (1978), p. 199.

3
Howe (2007), p. 130.

4
Francis Butler Simkins, “The South,” in Merrill Jensen, ed.,
Regionalism in America
, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1951, pp. 150–151; Missouri Deep Southerner William P. Napton quoted in Robert E. Shalope, “Race, Class, Slavery and the Antebellum Southern Mind,”
Journal of Southern History
, Vol. 37, No. 4, Nov. 1971, pp. 565–566; Peter Kolchin, “In Defense of Servitude,”
American Historical Review
, Vol. 85, No. 4, October 1980, p. 815; William Peterfield Trent,
Cambridge History of American Literature
, Vol. 17, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1907–1921, p. 389; Alexander H. Stephens, “Cornerstone Address, March 21, 1861,” in Frank Moore, ed.,
The Rebellion Record
, Vol. 1, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1862, pp. 44–46.

5
Fred A. Ross,
Slavery Ordained of God
, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1857, pp. 5, 29–30.

6
“The Message, the Constitution, and the Times”
DeBow's Review
, Vol. 30, Issue 2, February 1861, pp. 162, 164; “What Secession Means,”
Liberator
, 11 July 1862, p. 1.

7
William W. Freehling,
The Road to Disunion,
Vol. 2:
Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 149–151; Thomas N. Ingersoll, “Free Blacks in a Slave Society: New Orleans, 1718–1812,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd Series, Vol. 48, No. 2 , April 1991, pp. 173–200.

8
Lewis William Newton, “Americanization of Louisiana,” doctoral thesis, University of Chicago, 1929, pp. 122, 163, 170–173.

9
Phillips (1999), pp. 341–349.

10
Robert E. May,
The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire: 1854–1861
, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973, pp. 15–65.

11
Ibid., pp. 27–33, 60–62, 70–71, 75, 168–196; Freehling (2007), pp. 153–155.

12
May, pp. 78–133.

13
Ibid.

14
Ibid., pp. 149–154.

1
Weber (1982), pp. 20–32.

2
Ibid., pp. 34, 44, 47, 63, 124–125, 157, 188–189.

3
Ibid., pp. 158–162.

4
Ibid.; Howe (2007), pp. 658–9; Merk (1978), p. 267.

5
Weber (1982), pp. 162–172; T. R. Fehrenbach,
Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans
, New York: Da Capo Press, 2000, pp. 163–164.

6
Weber (1982), pp. 170–177, 184.

7
Ibid., pp. 255–272, 266; Howe (2007), p. 661.

8
Weber (1982), pp. 247–254; Howe (2007), pp. 661–667; Merk (1978), p. 275; Jordan (1969), pp. 88–103.

9
Weber (1992), p. 339.

10
Juan Nepomuceno Seguá½·n,
Personal Memoirs of John N. Seguá½·n
, San Antonio, TX: Ledger Book and Job Office, 1858, pp. 29–32; Leobardo F. Estrada et al., “Chicanos in the United States: A History of Exploitation and Resistance,”
Daedalus
, Vol. 110, No. 2, pp. 105–109; Martinez (1988), pp. 88–91; D. W. Meinig,
Imperial Texas: An Interpretive Essay in Cultural Geography
, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1969, pp. 44.

11
Terry G. Jordan, “Population Origins in Texas, 1850,”
Geographical Review
, Vol. 59, No. 1, January 1969, pp. 83–103.

12
Frederick Merk, “Dissent in the Mexican War,” in Samuel Eliot Morison et al., eds.,
Dissent in Three American Wars
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970, pp. 35–44, 49.

13
Louise A. Mayo,
President James K. Polk: The Dark Horse President
, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006, pp. 110–133; Merk (1978).

14
Day, p. 15; Merk (1970), pp. 51–52.

15
Martinez (1988), p. 108–109.

1
Astoria, Oregon, the first “American” settlement on the Pacific coast, was the creation of New Netherlander John Jacob Astor but manned by Scots and French Canadian hirelings. In 1813, after just two years in operation, it was sold to a British company, which in turn merged with the Hudson's Bay Company. Culturally speaking, Astor's outpost was of little consequence.