Authors: Lynn H. Nicholas
1.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 1, Reichenberg, 4 December 1938, No. 297, p. 417.
2.
New York Times
, 21 August 1933.
3.
Gay,
My German Question
, p. 55.
4.
Heppner,
Shanghai Refuge
, pp. 8–10.
5.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p. 96, n. 90.
6.
Gerhard Rempel,
Hitler’s Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1989), p. 10.
7.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p. 113.
8.
Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, p. 11.
9.
Völkischer Beobachter
, 1 August 1934, in NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/87, “Education of Nazis,” Dodd to SecState, 14 August 1934.
10.
Herbst,
Requiem for a German Past
, p.91; Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, p.18.
11.
Ziemer,
Education for Death
, p. 96.
12.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 1, p. 422.
13.
Ibid., pp. 55–59; Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, p. 177; Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, pp. 112–13.
14.
Hans J. Massaquoi,
Destined to Witness: Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany
(New York, 1999), pp. 97–103.
15.
Herbst,
Requiem for a German Past
, pp. 23–25.
16.
Erna Tietz, in Owings,
Frauen
, p. 267.
17.
Albert Bastian, in Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, p.14.
18.
Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, pp. 44–45, 35.
19.
Peter Kurth,
American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson
(Boston, 1990), pp. 200–201.
20.
Alfons Heck,
A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore a Swastika
(Frederick, CO, 1985), pp. 19–26.
21.
William Shirer,
Berlin Diary
(New York, 1941), entries for September 9–14, 1938.
22.
William H. Kern, “The Second World War, 1939–1945: Growing Up in Wartime Germany,” unpublished ms., p. 2.
23.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p. 229.
24.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 1, Doc. 310, p. 430.
25.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, pp. 31–32.
26.
Hans Holtzrager,
Die Wehrertüchtigungslager der Hitler-Jugend, 1942–1945, Ein Dokumentarbericht (Ippesheim, 1991), pp. 17–21
.
27.
For a vivid description of an Aviation unit, see Heck,
A Child of Hitler
, pp. 57–85.
28.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p. 104.
29.
Herman Rosenau, in Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, pp. 301–5.
30.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, pp. 180–81.
31.
NA RG 59/LM 193/25/739/862.42/82, White to SecState, 7 April 1934.
32.
On the relationship of the Land Service to the SS, see Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, Chapter 5.
33.
Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, p. 33.
34.
Ibid., pp. 32–35.
35.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 1, Doc. 241, p. 354.
36.
Ibid., Doc. 243, pp. 355–56, SOPADE Berichte, 1938, pp. 480–81.
37.
On dissent and the SRD, see Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, Chapter 3; Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, Chapter 10.
38.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, p. 58.
39.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p. 219.
40.
NA RG 59 LM 193/57/703 #2115, A. Kirk, 20 March 1944.
41.
Massaquoi,
Destined to Witness
, p. 160.
42.
Ibid., p. 162.
43.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, p. 104.
44.
Herbst,
Requiem for a German Past
, pp. 75–76.
45.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 1, Docs. 299 and 300, pp. 419–20.
46.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, p. 71.
47.
Karma Rauhut, in Owings,
Frauen
, pp. 347–57.
48.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, pp. 97–100.
49.
Ibid., pp. 74–75.
50.
Herbst,
Requiem for a German Past
, p.64.
51.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p.103.
52.
NA RG 260/185, Nuremberg Doc. 136-PS.
53.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, pp. 199–203.
54.
Ibid., p. 201.
55.
Ibid., pp. 196–99.
56.
NA RG 238 M 894/14, Doc. NO-3736, Heissmeyer to Brandt, 21 September 1944.
57.
Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, p. 181.
58.
Ibid., p. 185.
59.
P. Petersen, in Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, p.8.
60.
Hans Bieber, in
NSD Oberschule Starnbergersee, 1937–38
(Munich, 1938), p. 26. The yearbook was kindly provided to me by Dr. Walter Filley.
61.
Interview with Walter Filley; yearbook, pp. 15–17.
62.
Conversation with Frank Lee, March 2002.
63.
Filley interview.
64.
Gene Keith, in
The Choate News
, June 4, 1938, p.1.
65.
Theo Loch, in Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, p.11.
66.
The Choate News
, May 14, 1938, p. 2.
67.
Ibid., and Filley interview.
68.
Jost Hermand,
A Hitler Youth in Poland: The Nazis’ Program for Evacuating Children During World War II
(Evanston, IL, 1997), pp. xxiv–xxvi; see also Koch,
The Hitler Youth
, pp. 195, 241.
69.
Hermand,
A Hitler Youth in Poland
, p. 49.
70.
Ibid., p. 50.
71.
Ibid., pp. 53–56.
72.
Ibid., pp. 68–73.
73.
Ibid., p. 88.
1.
Sergei Hackel,
Pearl of Great Price: The Life of Mother Maria Skobtsova, 1891–1945
(New York, 1981), p. 1.
2.
Schmitt,
Quakers and Nazis
, pp. 13–17. These programs were taken over by the German government in 1924. Help to Austria continued until 1933.
3.
T. H. Watkins,
The Hungry Years: A Narrative History of the Great Depression in America
(New York, 1999), pp. 157–58.
4.
Ibid., pp. 54–55, 58, 71.
5.
George Orwell,
The Road to Wigan Pier
(New York, 1958), p. 63.
6.
Watkins,
The Hungry Years
, pp. 398–401.
7.
Georges Mauco,
Les Étrangers en France
(1932), pp. 558, 560, cited in Weber,
The German Student Corps
, pp. 90–91n.
8.
A. J. Sherman,
Island Refuge: Britain and Refugees from the Third Reich, 1933–1939
(Ilford, UK, 1994), Appendix 2.
9.
For exhaustive analyses of American immigration policy, see David S. Wyman,
Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941
(Amherst, MA, 1968), and Richard Breitman and Alan M. Kraut,
American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933–1945
(Bloomington, IN, 1987). W. D. Rubenstein’s
The Myth of Rescue
(London, 1997) contains interesting statistics and gives a different point of view.
10.
Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
(Stanford, CA, 1995), p. 36.
11.
Sherman,
Island Refuge
, pp. 47–48.
12.
Anderson,
Hitler’s Exiles
, p. 136.
13.
Marta Appel, cited ibid., p. 148.
14.
Sherman,
Island Refuge
, pp. 39–40.
15.
Ambassador Dodd’s Diary
, entries for 18 October 1933, 9 August and 1 November 1934, pp. 50–51, 145–46, 183–84.
16.
Ibid., 7 February 1933, pp.78–79.
17.
Judith Tydor Baumel,
Unfufilled Promise: Rescue and Settlement of Jewish Refugee Children in the United States, 1934–35
(Juneau, AK, 1990), pp. 16–19.
18.
Breitman and Kraut,
American Refugee Policy
, pp. 24–25.
19.
Braumel,
Unfulfilled Promise
, p. 19.
20.
Sherman,
Island Refuge
, p. 52.
21.
Ibid., p. 60.
22.
Claude G. Bowers,
My Mission to Spain: Watching the Rehearsal for World War II
(New York, 1954), p. 284.
23.
Dorothy Legarreta,
The Guernica Generation: Basque Refugee Children of the Spanish Civil War
(Reno, NV, 1984), pp. 34–36.
24.
Ibid., pp. 20–22.
25.
NA RG 59 LM 074/5 AFSC, bulletin of Committee on Spain, 28 June 1937.
26.
NA RG 59 LM 074/5, bulletin of Spanish Relief Conditions, Committee on Spain, AFSC, Vol. 1, No.4, 5 August 1937.
27.
Legarreta,
The Guernica Generation
, pp. 35–36.
28.
Ibid., pp. 30, 25.
29.
Bowers,
My Mission to Spain
, p. 343.
30.
Statement by Father A. Onaindia, ibid., p. 345.
31.
Bowers,
My Mission to Spain
, p.344.
32.
Ronald Fraser,
Blood of Spain: An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War
(New York, 1979), p. 442.
33.
FRUS
1937, Vol. 1, p. 546, Bowers to SecState, 2 September 1937.
34.
Fraser,
Blood of Spain
, p. 167.
35.
Ibid., pp. 156–57.
36.
Ibid., pp. 455, 152, 477–48.
37.
Legarreta,
The Guernica Generation
, pp. 38–39.
38.
FRUS
1937, Vol. 1, p. 525, Chapman to State, 9 July 1937.
39.
“Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor, 1939,” in Rubenstein,
The Myth of Rescue
, p. 99.
40.
FRUS
1937, Vol. 1, pp. 498–547. For pro/con correspondence of organizations, NA RG 59 LM 074/3/729–70.
41.
FRUS
, 1938, Vol. 1, Efforts for the Relief of Spanish Refugees, pp. 364–83.
42.
Ibid., and NA RG 59 LM 074/3/729–70.
43.
This and following descriptions in Legarreta,
The Guernica Generation
, pp. 103–6.
44.
Ibid., pp. 162–64.
45.
Fraser,
Blood of Spain
, pp. 433–37.
46.
Stéphane Courtois et al., eds.,
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
(Cambridge, MA, 1999), p. 350.
47.
Legarreta,
The Guernica Generation
, p. 145.
48.
Ibid., Chapter 3.
49.
NA RG 59 LM 074/4/881, 852.48/415, Paris, Wilson to SecState, 14 March 1939. Enclosure I, Noel H. Field, “Confidential Report on Conditions in Spanish Refugee Camps in Southern France,” 4 March 1939, p. 2.
50.
Ibid., pp. 2–3.
51.
Ibid., p. 7.
52.
NA RG 59 LM 074/5 ONI 854.48, Attaché’s report, “Visit to Spanish Refugee Camp at ‘Guers,’ Basse-Pyrenees,” 19 July 1939.
53.
NA RG 59 LM 074/5/181, International Commission for the Assistance of Spanish Child Refugees, report, 10 July 1939.
54.
G. E. R. Gedye,
Fallen Bastions: The Central European Tragedy
(London, 1939), pp. 295–96.
55.
Milton and Friedlander, eds.,
Archives of the Holocaust
, Vol. 2, AFSC Philadelphia, Part 1, 1932–39, doc 117, p. 344, Florence Barrow to Clarence Pickett, 19 May 1938.
56.
Gedye,
Fallen Bastions
, p. 349.
57.
Breitman and Kraut,
American Refugee Policy
, p.58.
58.
FRUS
1938, Vol. 1, p.740.
59.
Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
, pp. 60–62.
60.
FRUS
1938, Vol. 1, p. 742, Gunther to SecState, 13 April 1938.
61.
FRUS
1938, Vol. 1, p. 743, Welles to Gunther, 21 April 1938.
62.
L. de Jong,
Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereld Oorlog
, 14 vols. (The Hague, 1974), Vol. 1, pp. 462, 479, 488.
63.
Sherman,
Island Refuge
, pp. 98–99; PRO FO 371/21634, C3588/1667/62, 21 April 1938.
64.
PRO FO372/3284 51593 T 7056, “Visas for Holders of German or Austrian Passports Entering the United Kingdom. General Principles,” 27 May 1938.
65.
PRO FO 372/3284 51593 T10774, Gaines to Hutcheson, 9 August 1938.
66.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 1, pp. 472–73.
67.
Ibid., p. 143.
68.
See, on this subject, Sherman,
Island Refuge
, pp. 139, 221.
69.
NA RG 59 LM 193/58, 862.4016/1800, Biddle to SecState, 29 October 1938.
70.
FRUS
1938, Vol. 1, pp.778–80, Biddle to State, 30 August 1938.
71.
FRUS
, 1938, Vol. 1, pp.835–36, Memo, Pierrepont Moffet, 19 November 1938.
72.
Sherman,
Island Reefuge
, p. 164.
73.
NARA RG 59, LM 193/58, Cables 862.4016/2078,2093,2129, Winship, Biddle, Warsaw, to SecState, 25, 27 January, 27 February 1939.
74.
Milton and Friedlander, eds.,
Archives of the Holocaust
, Vol. 2, Doc. 215, p. 618, “Perry Report of Trip to Poland, July 20–27, 1939.”
75.
NA RG 239/66, Nuremberg Doc. 2237-PS.
76.
NA RG 59 LM 193/58, Honaker to Messersmith, 862.4016/2002 15/11/38, and Honaker to Wilson, 800/840.1, “Anti-Semitic Persecution in the Stuttgart Consular District,” No. 307, 11 December 1938.
77.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 1, p. 485.
78.
FRUS
, 1938, Vol. 1, pp. 847–49, Waller to State, 1 December 1938.
79.
See note 76.
80.
Heppner,
Shanghai Refuge
, p. 45.
81.
Truus Wijsmuller-Meijer,
Geen Tijd voor Tranen
(Amsterdam, undated), pp. 120–25.
82.
Sherman,
Island Refuge
, pp. 232–37.
83.
George Rublee, “Reminiscences,” unpublished ms. of interviews by the Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, p. 298. Kindly provided by George Rublee II.
84.
Wyman,
Paper Walls
, p. 55. For a full discussion of the Intergovernmental Committee, see Chapter 2.