Authors: Lynn H. Nicholas
1.
DGFP
, Series D, Vol. 7, Doc. 193.
2.
NA RG 59 M982 740.00116/74, Biddle to SecState, 9/19/39.
3.
Sevek Finkelstein and Ben Helfgott, in Martin Gilbert,
The Boys: Triumph over Adversity
(London, 1996), pp. 52–54.
4.
On the Einsatzgruppen in Poland, see Richard Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution
(New York, 1991), pp. 66–71, and Ian Kershaw,
Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
(New York, 2000), pp. 240–48.
5.
Polish Ministry of Information,
Black Book of Poland
, p.134, cited in Richard Lukas,
Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944
(Lexington, KY, 1986), p. 3.
6.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 654, pp. 937–38.
7.
Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
, p. 75.
8.
For a detailed discussion of the Nisko operation, see Jonny Moser, “Nisko: The First Experiment in Deportation,”
Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual
2 (1985), pp. 1–30.
9.
New York Times
, 20 November 1939, p. 6, col. 3.
10.
Ibid., 17 November 1939, p. 7, col. 2.
11.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, p. 1054.
12.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. 2233-PS, undated excerpts from Frank diaries, 10/25–12/15/39.
13.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Docs. 776 and 777, pp. 1057–58.
14.
Ibid., Doc. 655, pp.938–40.
15.
For a detailed discussion of the JDC and other agencies, see Yehuda Bauer,
American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945
(Detroit, 1981), Chapters 3 and Chapters 13.
16.
Ibid., p. 90.
17.
Leon Harari, “Die Kinderrepublik des Janusz Korczak. Erinnerungen,” in
Die
Verfolgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen
, Dachauer Hefte No. 9, Dachau, November 1993.
18.
For the life of children at Theresienstadt, see Marie Krísková et al., eds.,
We Are Children Just the Same: Vedem, the Secret Magazine by the Boys of Terezin
(Philadelphia, 1995), and Deborah Dwork,
Children with a Star: Jewish Youth in Nazi Europe
(New Haven, CT, 1991), Chapter 4.
19.
Niklas Frank,
In the Shadow of the Reich
(New York, 1991), pp. 136–37, 151–53.
20.
Bauer,
American Jewry and the Holocaust
, pp. 98–99.
21.
For a complete discussion of the role of the War Refugee Board, see David Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945
(New York, 1998), pp. 280–84.
22.
Abraham Lewin and Emmanuel Ringelbaum, quoted in Dwork,
Children with a Star
, p. 200.
23.
Sabina Wylot, in Wiktoria Sliwowska, ed.,
The Last Eyewitnesses: Children of the Holocaust Speak
(Evanston, IL, 1998), pp. 144–45.
24.
Dwork,
Children with a Star
, pp. 202–3.
25.
Zygmunt Klukowski,
Diary from the Years of Occupation, 1939–44
(Chicago, 1993), entry for 23 July 1940, p. 103.
26.
IMT
, Nuremberg Doc. 2916-PS.
27.
Klukowski,
Diary from the Years of Occupation
, pp. 120–21.
28.
Ibid., pp. 132–33.
29.
Kyril Sosnowski,
The Tragedy of Children Under Nazi Rule
(New York, 1983), Chapter 5.
30.
NA RG 242 T81/277, Generalbericht vom studentischen Osteinsatz, 1940–41, pp. 201–2.
31.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Doc. NO-3089, Conti to Himmler, 3/9/42 and Himmler to Conti, 3/21/42.
32.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-1125, “Re Handling of Subsistence Claims of Illegitimate Polish Children Against Their Polish Fathers,” Conference at Reich Ministry of Justice, 3/10/43.
33.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, p. 979, Doc. 691.
34.
Ibid., p. 933, Doc. 651.
35.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-4616, Reichsführer SS to Delegate of the RKFDV, Kattowitz, 10/23/40.
36.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-3732, W. Gross, NSDAP, Treatise on the Treatment of Poles and Jews, 11/25/39.
37.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-1880, “Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East,” 5/15/40.
38.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 652, pp. 934–35.
39.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-1615, Greifelt memo—Regulation 67/I.
40.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-5268, Wawelska interrogation.
41.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-5251, Suliscz affidavit.
42.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-5256, Dzieginska affidavit.
43.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Docs. NO-4899–4903, Bukowiecka correspondence.
44.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-4945, 11/30/44 and 12/23/44.
45.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Docs. NO-5252–5253, Schwakopf and Hammer affidavits.
46.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-1669.
47.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-5268, Wawelska affidavit.
48.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-4822, Heinze-Wisswede affidavit, p. 5.
49.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-1616, Regulation 67/I, p. 9.
50.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-2793, Bader memo, 12/10/42.
51.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Doc. NO-5131, Antczak affidavit.
52.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-5229, Hauser affidavit.
53.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-4822, Heinze-Wisswede affidavit.
54.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-4950.
55.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Doc. NO-1387, Ebner to Solmann, 8/25/41, “Report of My Visit to the Orphans from the Banate.”
56.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-4821, Heinze affidavit.
57.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-2870, Bauke to Ebner, 11/5/43; Ebner to Legal Office, 11/16/43.
58.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-5251, Sulisz affidavit.
59.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Doc. NO-5131, Antczak affidavit.
60.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-4821, Heinze affidavit.
61.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Doc. NO-3463, Vaclar Hanf, p. 1.
62.
Ibid., pp. 2–3.
63.
UNA-NY, PAG 4/4.2/81, Cornelia D. Heise, ed., 1 February 1948. UNRRA “History of Child Welfare,” Exhibit 5, Fischer to Lodz Office, 12 June 1942.
64.
New York Times
, 11–13 June 1942.
65.
Edna St. Vincent Millay,
The Murder of Lidice
(New York, 1942), Verse 18, p. 25.
66.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-435, illegible to Brandt, 13 June 1944; Sosnowski,
The Tragedy of Children Under Nazi Rule
, Annex 54. Data from V. Konopka,
Zde stavaly Lidice
(Prague, 1959).
67.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Docs. NO-5470 and NO-5471, Hronik and Kohlicek affidavits.
68.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-4173, 6/21/43, and Doc. NO-2218, 5/20/44.
69.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-2481, Greifelt to Himmler, 8/2/41.
70.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-3938, Himmler Ordinance No. 51, 10/1/41.
71.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-2267, Creutz to Himmler, 2/20/42.
72.
NA RG 238 M894/15, Doc. NO-5269, Pieskarska interrogation.
73.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-2760, Brandt to Baron Oeynhausen, 11/9/44.
74.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-2762, Oeynhausen to Brandt, 11/20/44.
75.
Ulrich Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany Under the Third Reich
(Cambridge, UK, 1997), pp. 28–29.
76.
Ibid., pp. 61–64.
77.
Ibid., pp. 71–79.
78.
Klukowski,
Diary from the Years of Occupation
, 19 May 1940, pp.86–87.
79.
Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, p. 85.
80.
Christoph U. Schmink-Gustavus,
Hungern für Hitler: Erinnerungen polnischer Zwangsarbeiter im Deutschen Reich, 1940–1945
, (Hamburg, 1984) “Julian Nowak. Von Lager zu Lager,” pp. 32–68.
81.
Ibid., p. 26.
82.
Ibid., pp. 45–49.
83.
Ibid., pp. 23–24.
84.
Celina Drozdek, “Dorn Meiner Jugend. Erinnerungen an die Zwangsarbeit in der Bremer Jutespinnerei, 1940–1942,” in Schmink-Gustavus,
Hungern für Hitler
, pp. 181–214.
85.
Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, p. 203.
86.
Henryk Grygiel, “Hungern für Hitler. Erinnerungen an die Zwangsarbeit bei Focke-Wulf,” in Schmink-Gustavus,
Hungern für Hitler
, pp. 138–39.
87.
Courtois et al., eds.,
The Black Book of Communism
, pp. 366–67.
88.
Irena G. Gross and Jan T. Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
(Stanford, CA, 1981), Introduction.
89.
N. S. Lebedeva, “The Deportation of the Polish Population to the USSR, 1939–41,” in Alfred J. Rieber, ed.,
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939–1950
(London, 2000), p. 30.
90.
Gross and Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
, p. 21.
91.
Ibid., pp. 24–27.
92.
Lebedeva, “The Deportation of the Polish Population,” pp. 31–33.
93.
Gross and Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
, Doc. 68, p. 156.
94.
Lebedeva, “The Deportation of the Polish Population,” pp. 33–34.
95.
Gross and Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
, Doc. 44, p. 104.
96.
Ibid., Doc. 110, p. 207.
97.
Ibid., Doc. 110, p. 207; Doc. 91, p. 172; Doc. 43, p. 101.
98.
Ibid., Doc. 23, pp. 78–79.
99.
Lebedeva, “The Deportation of the Polish Population,” p. 42.
100.
Janka Goldberger,
Stalin’s Little Guest
(Chatham, UK, 1988), pp. 18–19.
101.
Gross and Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
, Doc. 1, pp. 46–48.
102.
Goldberger,
Stalin’s Little Guest
, Chapter 4.
103.
Lebedeva, “The Deportation of the Polish Population,” p. 35.
104.
Harold Olin,
An Oral History
, Heartland Historical Research Service, 2000, pp. 19–21.
105.
Gross and Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
, p. 66.
106.
Olin,
An Oral History
, p. 28.
107.
Gross and Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
, Doc. 8, p. 54.
108.
Olin,
An Oral History
, p. 28.
109.
Gross and Gross,
War Through Children’s Eyes
, Doc. 57, p. 123.
110.
Irena Wasilewska, “Note Concerning Children Deported into the USSR,” Hoover Institution, PAC, File 266, cited ibid., p. xxiv.
111.
Goldberger,
Stalin’s Little Guest
, Chapter 24.
1.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
p. 167.
2.
Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide
, p. 117.
3.
NA RG 242 T580/325; correspondence of Centrale Dienst voor Sibbekunde, The Hague.
4.
Rempel,
Hitler’s Children
, p. 189.
5.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 5a, pp. 245–46.
6.
Ibid., p. 245.
7.
Werner Warmbrunn,
The German Occupation of Belgium, 1940–1944
, American University Studies, Series 9, History, Vol. 122 (1993), p. 187.
8.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Docs. NO-4836/4837, 17 and 22 May 1940.
9.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
p. 176, n. 39.
10.
Marc Hillel and Clarissa Henry,
Of Pure Blood
(New York, 1977), p. 128, and Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
pp. 176–81.
11.
Schmitz-Köster,
“Deutsche Mutter,”
pp. 202–3.
12.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
pp. 182–83.
13.
Schmitz-Köster,
“Deutsche Mutter,”
p. 202.
14.
NA RG 238 M894/16, Doc. NO-4973, Adolf Froehl affidavit.
15.
NIOD 108S19, Seyss-Inquart to Directors of NSV and Lebenborn, 10/9/43.
16.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
pp. 169–70. Hitler’s statement of June 27, 1941, is also cited there.
17.
NA RG 242 T580/325, Channel Islands correspondence, various agencies; Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
pp. 201–2.
18.
W. D. Halls,
The Youth of Vichy France
(Oxford, 1981), p. 232.
19.
Eberhard Jäckel,
Frankreich in Hitlers Europa: Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im 2. Weltkrieg
(Stuttgart, 1966), pp. 228–31.
20.
NA RG 239 M894/14, Doc. NO-3600, monthly report, 11/1–12/1/43, RuS-Leader France.
21.
Lothar Kettenacker,
Nationalsozialistische Volktumspolitik im Elsass
(Stuttgart, 1973), p. 194.
22.
NA RG 239 M894/14, Doc. NO-3508, “Registration and Naturalization of Persons of German Stock in Northern France,” 3/25/43.
23.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-1416.
24.
NA RG 238 M894/14, Doc. NO-2478, “Final Report on the Registration of People of German Stock in Northern France,” undated SS Secret File, No. 17/12.
25.
On the conquest of Norway, see Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
, pp. 700–712, and Richard Petrow,
The Bitter Years: The Invasion and Occupation of Denmark and Norway
(New York, 1979), Chapter 8.
26.
Dorothy Macardle,
Children of Europe
(London, 1949), p. 122.
27.
Ibid., p. 123.
28.
A. M. Hansen,
Children in Norway Today—How Have the Times Affected Their Minds?
, report to the Commission of Ministers of Education, London, January 1945, cited ibid., pp. 125–26.
29.
Petrow,
The Bitter Years
, pp. 111–13; Macardle,
Children of Europe
, p. 132.
30.
Macardle,
Children of Europe
, p. 129.
31.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 5a, pp. 248–49.
32.
NIOD CNO 114K / 76, School inspectors Comello and Brons, 5/14/40.
33.
David Barnouw,
Van Nivo tot Reichschule
(The Hague, 1981), p. 100.
34.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 4b, p. 627.
35.
Cornelia Fuykschot,
Hunger in Holland: Life During the Nazi Occupation
(Amherst, MA, 1995), pp. 24–26, 48, 50.
36.
NIOD CNO 114K/76, correspondence, Department van Opvoeding, Wetenschap en Kulturbescherming, and Inspecteur van het Lager Onderwijs in de Inspectie Breda, March—July 1942.
37.
J. C. H. Pater,
Het Schoolverzet
(The Hague, 1969); summary in English, pp. 495–501.
38.
NIOD CNO 114K/76, Inspecteur Heerlen to Secretaris General-Apeldoorn, 7/9/43.
39.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 5a, p. 526.
40.
Melissa Müller,
Anne Frank: The Biography
(New York, 1998), pp. 124, 127.
41.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 5a, p. 528.
42.
Bert Jan Flim,
Omdat hun hart sprak: Geschidenis rande Georganiseerde Hulp aan Joodse Kinderen in Nederland, 1942–1945
(Kampen, 1996), pp. 20–21.
43.
NIOD CNO 114f/76, Inspecteur Leiden, August 1943; de Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 5a, p. 530.
44.
Interview, Mance Post, Amsterdam, July 1999.
45.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 5a, pp. 248–49.
46.
Wilhelm Kemper, 2/12/42, cited in Barnouw,
Van Nivo tot Reichschule
, pp. 26–27.
47.
This account is taken from Barnouw,
Van Nivo tot Reichschule
, Chapter 3, pp. 29–48.
48.
Ibid., Chapter 4.
49.
See ibid., Part 2, “Nederlandse meisjes in Duitse vakantiekampen, zomer 1940,” and Barnouw, “De Nationale Jeugdstorm,” in J. Zwaan, ed.,
De Zwarte Kameraden: Een geïllustreerde geschiedenis van de NSB
(Weesp, 1984).
50.
Halls,
The Youth of Vichy France
, pp. 215, 169.
51.
Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944
(New York, 1982), pp. 148–53.
52.
Peyrade, 1 January 1941, quoted in Halls,
The Youth of Vichy France
, p. 163.
53.
Halls,
The Youth of Vichy France
, pp. 214–15.
54.
Ibid., p. 224. For an excellent summary of German plans for France, see ibid., Chapter 9, and Paxton,
Vichy France
, pp. 357–74.
55.
Halls,
The Youth of Vichy France
, p. 201.
56.
Ibid., p. 295.
57.
Paxton,
Vichy France
, p. 164, and Halls,
The Youth of Vichy France
, p. 303.
58.
Raymond Josse, “La naissance de la résistance étudiante à Paris et la manifestation du 11 novembre 1940,”
Revue d’histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiale
47 (July 1962), p. 1.
59.
Macardle,
Children of Europe
, pp. 121–22.
60.
Josse, “La naissance,” pp. 9–11.
61.
Ibid., pp. 18–23.
62.
Ibid., p. 24.
63.
De Jong,
Het Koninkrijk
, Vol. 6b, pp. 547–55.