Authors: Lynn H. Nicholas
1.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-665.
2.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, p. 18.
3.
For detailed and fascinating discussions of this debate, see ibid.; Friedlander,
The Origins of Nazi Genocide;
and Klee,
Euthanasie im NS-Staat
.
4.
Klee,
Euthanasie im NS-Staat
, pp. 31–32.
5.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, p. 97; see also p. 315, n. 11.
6.
Ibid., p. 97, and p. 315, n. 12.
7.
NA RG 59 LM 193/16, 862.1232/3, 9 July 1934, “Cremation Law of 15 May 1934.”
8.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 720, p. 1003.
9.
Klee,
Euthanasie im NS-Staat
, pp. 76–77.
10.
Götz Aly et al.,
Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene
(Baltimore, 1994), pp. 29–30.
11.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, p. 99.
12.
Christian Pross and Götz Aly, eds.,
Der Wert des Menschen. Medezin in Deutschland, 1918–1945
(Berlin, 1989), Plate 78.
13.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-1313, 20 August 1940.
14.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 740, p. 1021; Friedlander,
The Origins of Nazi Genocide
, p. 67.
15.
Aly et al.,
Cleansing the Fatherland
, pp. 48–49.
16.
Full text in Klee,
Euthanasie im NS-Staat
, pp. 303–4.
17.
NA RG 338/334/54, ETO/USFET/ECAD/MISC DETS/Detachment F1F3, “Asylum at Kaufbeuren.”
18.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, pp. 105–7.
19.
Friedlander,
The Origins of Nazi Genocide
, p. 166.
20.
Linda Orth,
Die Transport Kinder aus Bonn
(Cologne, 1989) pp. 45–48.
21.
Friedlander,
The Origins of Nazi Genocide
, p. 168.
22.
Klee,
Euthanasie im NS-Staat
, p. 429.
23.
Ibid., p. 310.
24.
NA RG 59, LM 193/57/819, 862.143/12.
25.
NA RG 59, LM 193/57/806, enclosure to 862.1241/15, 13 March 1941.
26.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-836, Attorney General of Stuttgart to RJM, 12 October 1940.
27.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-629 PS, 8 July 1940.
28.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-829, Chief Prosecutor of Stuttgart to Reich Minister of Justice, 1 August 1940.
29.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, pp. 169–71.
30.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-832, 24 July 1940.
31.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-002, 25 November 1940.
32.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-018, 19 December 1940.
33.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, p. 167.
34.
NA RG 59, LM 193/57, 862.12/33, 2 February 1941, Enclosure 2 to Report 380, U.S. Consulate Stuttgart.
35.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 757, p. 1035.
36.
Ibid., Doc. 758, p.1036.
37.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, p. 180; Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 2, Doc. 761, p.1040.
38.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-896, Schellmann affidavit.
39.
Aly et al.,
Cleansing the Fatherland
, p. 221, Wentzler to Blankenburg BAP KdF #242.
40.
Ibid., pp. 216–19.
41.
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, pp. 117–18, 265.
42.
Aly et al.,
Cleansing the Fatherland
, p. 224; Nuremberg Doc. L 170, n. 169.
43.
Klee,
Euthanasie im NS-Staat
, p. 300.
44.
Testimony of H. Bunke, in Aly et al.,
Cleansing the Fatherland
, pp.225–26.
1.
For excellent discussions of Nazi family policy, see Jill Stephenson,
Women in Nazi Society
(New York, 1975), and Pine,
Nazi Family Policy
.
2.
Willems,
In Search of the True Gypsy
, pp. 259–60.
3.
NA RG 238/M894/16, Doc. NO-5351, Affidavit von Schlippenbach, 6 October 1947, and Doc. NO-5351c, Higher SS Leader for Bohemia and Moravia to S., 19 January 1944.
4.
Stephenson,
Women in Nazi Society
, p. 47.
5.
Bock, “Racism and Sexism in Nazi Germany,” p. 276.
6.
Pine,
Nazi Family Policy
, pp. 19–20.
7.
Stephenson,
Women in Nazi Society
, p. 42.
8.
Gitta Sereny,
Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth
(New York, 1996), p. 110.
9.
Pine,
Nazi Family Policy
, pp. 26–28, 34, 38.
10.
Ibid., pp. 72–87.
11.
Ziemer,
Education for Death
, pp. 34–35.
12.
Ibid., pp. 35–43.
13.
Pine,
Nazi Family Policy
, p. 31.
14.
Ziemer,
Education for Death
, pp. 47–51.
15.
Stephenson,
Women in Nazi Society
, pp. 48–51.
16.
Ibid., pp. 63–65, and Pine,
Nazi Family Policy
, pp. 42–44.
17.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 1, Doc. 363, p. 493.
18.
NA RG 238/M894/14, Nuremberg Doc. NO-3325, “Instructional Pamphlet #3 of the SS Health Office,” 31 May 1937.
19.
Larry V. Thompson,
“Lebensborn
and the Eugenics Policy of the
Reichsführer
SS,”
Central European History
4 (1971), p. 71, n.41.
20.
Ibid., pp. 61–62.
21.
Ibid., pp. 64–65.
22.
Georg Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.” Ein instrument nationalsozialistischer Rassenpolitik
(Stuttgart, 1985), pp. 42–43. This is the definitive work on Lebensborn.
23.
Nuremberg Doc. NO-3325, p. 2.
24.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
pp. 85–86.
25.
Ibid., p. 94.
26.
Ibid., p. 63, and Dorothee Schmitz-Köster,
“Deutsche Mutter, Bist du Bereit …” Alltag im Lebensborn
(Berlin, 1997), p. 98.
27.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
pp. 63–64 and n. 54.
28.
Schmitz-Köster,
“Deutsche Mutter,”
pp. 147–48.
29.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
p. 68.
30.
Ibid., p. 77.
31.
Ibid., pp. 98–99.
32.
Ibid., pp. 96–97, and Schmitz-Köster,
“Deutsche Mutter,”
pp. 107–9.
33.
Lilienthal,
Der “Lebensborn e.V.,”
pp. 242–44.
34.
Stephenson,
Women in Nazi Society
, pp. 67–68.
35.
NA RG 238, Nuremberg Doc. NO-2825-PS, “SS Soldatenfreund 1943,” pp. 31–33.
36.
Die Schwarze Korps
, 24 July 1941, in NA RG 59, LM 193/57/799, U.S. Consul General, Zurich, to State, 22 September 1941.
37.
Ibid., p. 2.
38.
Oron J. Hale, “Adolf Hitler and the Post-War German Birthrate: An Unpublished Memorandum,”
Journal of Central European Affairs
17:2 (July 1957), pp. 166–73.
1.
Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, pp.370–74.
2.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, R. Geist memo, “The Aryan Law in Germany Regulating the Number of Students,” 25 April 1933.
3.
Richard Grunberger,
A Social History of the Third Reich
(New York, 1979), p. 561.
4.
NA RG 59 LM 193/58, “Statement of Archbishops and Bishops of Germany Gathered at the Tomb of St. Boniface,” 26 June 1941, and sermon of Bishop Galen at Overwater Church, Münster, 30 July 1941.
5.
NA RG 59 LM 193/58, 862.404/320, Tittmann to SecState, 16 October 1941.
6.
NA RG 59 LM 193/58, 862.404/323, Morris to SecState, 3 November 1941.
7.
NA RG 59 LM 193/58, 862.404/318, Stewart to SecState, 15 October, 1941.
8.
Bernt Engelmann,
In Hitler’s Germany
(New York, 1986), pp. 3–6.
9.
Noakes and Pridham, eds.,
Nazism
, Vol. 1, pp. 430–32.
10.
Helga Bergas, Leo Baeck Institute, New York, cited in Marion Kaplan,
Beyond Destiny and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany
(New York, 1998), p. 25.
11.
E. C. Helmreich, “Jewish Education in the Third Reich,”
Journal of Central European Affairs
15:2 (July 1955), p. 136.
12.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, GRC862.42/77, Geist to SecState, 12 January 1934, p. 4.
13.
Jurgen Herbst,
Requiem for a German Past
(Madison, WI, 1999), p. 57.
14.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/73, G. C. Dominian to SecState, 27 November 1933.
15.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/77, Geist to State, 12 January 1934.
16.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/95, Dodd to State, 21 November 1934, p. 2.
17.
Ibid., p. 4.
18.
Herbst,
Requiem for a German Past
, p. 58.
19.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/77, Dodd to State, 12 January 1934.
20.
Franz Braun and A. Hillen Ziegfeld,
Geopolitischer Atlas zur Deutschen Geschichte
(Dresden, 1934).
21.
NA RG 59 LM 193/12, 862.014/61, U.S. Consul, Stuttgart, to SecState, 25 September 1933.
22.
Ziemer,
Education for Death
, p. 69.
23.
See, on this subject, Philip Dray,
At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America
(New York, 2002), p. 338, and, for example,
New York Times
, 19 October 1933, “Mob of 2000 Hangs Negro in Maryland,” p. 1.
24.
Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, p. 66.
25.
Erika Mann,
School for Barbarians
(New York, 1938), pp. 66–68.
26.
From Richard Alshuer,
Sprachkundische Kleinarbeit in Neuen Geiste
(Leipzig), quoted ibid., p. 70.
27.
Mann,
School for Barbarians
, p. 57.
28.
H. W. Koch,
The Hitler Youth: Origins and Development, 1922–45
(New York, 1996), pp. 140–41.
29.
Stephenson,
Women in Nazi Society
, Chapter 6, pp. 116–28.
30.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/102, Leverich report, 28 March 1935.
31.
Lewy,
The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
, pp. 89–90.
32.
Dorothea Schosser in Johannes Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich: An Oral History
(New York, 1994), p. 45.
33.
Hans A. Schmitt,
Quakers and Nazis: Inner Light in Outer Darkness
(Columbia, MO, 1997), pp. 41–42.
34.
Marianne Regensburger in Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, pp. 59–61.
35.
Gideon Behrendt in Bertha Leverton and Shmuel Lowensohn, eds.,
I Came Alone: The Stories of the Kindertransports
(Lewes, UK, 1996), p. 30.
36.
Frau Verena Groth in Alison Owings,
Frauen: German Women Recall the Third Reich
(New Brunswick, NJ, 1995), p. 106.
37.
Kaplan,
Beyond Destiny and Despair
, p. 108.
38.
Ernest Heppner,
Shanghai Refuge: A Memoir of the World War II Jewish Ghetto
(Lincoln, NE, 1995), p. 13.
39.
Klaus Scheurenberg in Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, p.54.
40.
Kaplan,
Beyond Destiny and Despair
, p. 96.
41.
H. P. Herz in Steinhoff et al., eds.,
Voices from the Third Reich
, p. 48.
42.
Marta Appel in Mark M. Anderson, ed.,
Hitler’s Exiles: Personal Stories of the Flight from Nazi Germany to America
(New York, 1998), pp. 49–50.
43.
Ibid., p. 58.
44.
This discussion is based on Peter Kramp and Gerhard Benl,
Vererbungslehre, Rassenkunde und Rassenhygiene: Lehrbuch für die Oberstufe Höherer Lehranstalten
, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1936), and Otto Steche,
Leitfaden der Rassenkunde und Vererbungslehre der Erbgesundheitspflege und Familienkunde für die Mittelstufe
(Leipzig, 1934).
45.
Steche,
Leitfaden
, p.40.
46.
For numerous case histories, see Kaplan,
Beyond Destiny and Despair
, pp. 98–99.
47.
Peter Gay,
My German Question: Growing Up in Nazi Berlin
(New Haven, CT, 1998), pp. 94–95.
48.
Marta Appel in Anderson,
Hitler’s Exiles
, p. 52.
49.
Frau Verena Groth in Owings,
Frauen
, pp. 111–12.
50.
Kaplan,
Beyond Destiny and Despair
, pp. 103–4.
51.
Kenneth Carey in Leverton and Lowensohn,
I Came Alone
, pp. 52–53.
52.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/112, Dodd to SecState, 16 September 1935.
53.
Helmreich, “Jewish Education in the Third Reich,” p. 144.
54.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25, 862.42/76, Dodd to SecState, 10 July 1934.
55.
Geoffrey J. Giles,
Students and National Socialism in Germany
(Princeton, NJ, 1985), pp. 108–9.
56.
Klemperer,
I Will Bear Witness
, Vol. 1, p. 212, 11 February 1937.
57.
Ibid., pp. 15, 174.
58.
Ibid., pp. 30–31.
59.
Ambassador Dodd’s Diary
, pp. 219–20, 250.
60.
Rhoda Sutherland, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, conversation with author, 1963.
61.
Giles,
Students and National Socialism in Germany
, p. 251.
62.
Morning Post
, 30 July 1935, in Grunberger,
A Social History of the Third Reich
, p. 393.
63.
Giles,
Students and National Socialism in Germany
, p. 252.
64.
Ibid., pp. 4–6.
65.
Ibid., pp. 253–54.
66.
Grunberger,
A Social History of the Third Reich
, p. 402.
67.
R.G.S. Weber
, The German Student Corps in the Third Reich
(London, 1986), p.150.
68.
Giles,
Students and National Socialism in Germany
, pp. 139–43.
69.
Ulrich von Hassell,
Journal d’un conjuré, 1938–44
(Paris, 1996), p. 62.
70.
Ibid., pp. 258–60.
71.
Weber,
The German Student Corps in the Third Reich
, pp. 129–30.
72.
NA RG 59 LM 193/25/862.42/108 GDG, Dodd to SecState, 8 July 1935.
73.
Giles,
Students and National Socialism in Germany
, p. 139.
74.
Ibid., pp. 174, 219, 248–49.
75.
Weber,
The German Student Corps in the Third Reich
, p.166.