Darwin Among the Machines (44 page)

27
.
Linley Gwennap, “Revised Model Reduces Cost Estimates,”
Microprocessor Report
10, no. 4 (25 March 1996): 18, 23.

28
.
Price Waterhouse, Inc.,
Technology Forecast: 1996
(Menlo Park, Calif.: Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, October 1995), 21.

29
.
“Worldwide DRAM Market in Billions of Units,” graph attributed to Bernstein Research, Inc., in
Electronics
68, no. 2 (23 January 1995): 4.

30
.
Donald Keck, “Fiber Optics: The Bridge to the Next Millenium,” Corning Telecommunications
Guidelines
10, no. 2 (Autumn 1996): 2.

31
.
U.S. Federal Communications Commission,
Fiber Deployment Update, end of 1995
(Washington, D.C., July 1996);
Fiber Optics
, an update to the update for 1996, U.S. Office of Telecommunications, March 1996.

32
.
Alex Mandl, talk given at the 1995 Platforms for Communication Forum, Phoenix, March 8, 1995.

33
.
W. Daniel Hillis, “Intelligence as an Emergent Behavior; or, The Songs of Eden,”
Daedalus
(winter 1988) (
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
117, no. 1): 176.

34
.
H. G. Wells,
World Brain
(New York: Doubleday, 1938), xvi.

35
.
Ibid., 87.

36
.
Philip Morrison, “Entropy, Life, and Communication,” in Cyril Ponnamperuma and A. G. W. Cameron, eds.,
Interstellar Communication: Scientific Perspectives
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 180.

37
.
Irving J. Good,
Speculations on Perceptions and other Automata
, IBM Research Lecture RC-115 (Yorktown Heights: IBM, 1959), 6. Based on a lecture sponsored by the Machine Organization Department, 17 December 1958.

38
.
Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan,
Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 15.

39
.
J. D. Bernal,
The World, the Flesh, and the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1929; 2d ed., Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969), 28 (page citation is to the 2d edition).

40
.
Loren Eiseley, “Is Man Alone in Space?”
Scientific American
189, no. 7 (July 1953): 84.

41
.
Hobbes,
Leviathan
, 396.

1
.
Samuel Butler, “Darwin Among the Machines,” Canterbury
Press
, 13 June 1863; reprinted in Henry Festing Jones, ed.,
Canterbury Settlement and other Early Essays
, vol. 1 of
The Shrewsbury Edition of the Works of Samuel Butler
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1923), 208–210.

2
.
Samuel Butler,
A First Year in Canterbury Settlement
(London: Longman & Green, 1863); reprinted in Jones,
Canterbury Settlement
, 82.

3
.
Ibid., 97.

4
.
Ibid., 106.

5
.
Samuel Butler, note, June 1887, in Henry Festing Jones, ed.,
Samuel Butler: A Memoir (1835–1902)
, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1919), 155.

6
.
Samuel Butler, note, 1901, in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 158.

7
.
Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 155.

8
.
Samuel Butler, “Analysis of Sales, 28 November 1899,” in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 2, 311.

9
.
Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 273.

10
.
Sir Joshua Strange Williams to Henry Festing Jones, 19 August 1912, in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 84.

11
.
Robert B. Booth,
Five Years in New Zealand
(London: privately printed, 1912), chap. 14; in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 87.

12
.
Samuel Butler to O. T. J. Alpers, 17 February 1902, in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 2, 382.

13
.
Thomas Huxley to Charles Darwin, 3 February 1880, in Nora Barlow, ed.,
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: with Original Omissions Restored, edited with Appendix and Notes by his Grand-daughter
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1958), 211.

14
.
Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 300.

15
.
Samuel Butler,
Luck, or Cunning, as the main means of Organic Modification? An attempt to throw additional light upon Darwin's theory of Natural Selection
(London: Trübner & Co., 1887); reprinted as vol. 8 of
The Shrewsbury Edition of the Works of Samuel Butler
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1924), 61.

16
.
Erasmus Darwin,
Zoonomia; or. The Laws of Organic Life
, vol. 1 (London: J. Johnson, 1794) 505.

17
.
Ibid., 2.

18
.
Ibid., 507.

19
.
Erasmus Darwin,
Zoonomia
, 3d ed., vol. 2 (London; J. Johnson, 1801), 295, 304.

20
.
Darwin,
Zoonomia
, vol. 1 (1794), 519.

21
.
Ibid., 524, 527.

22
.
Ibid., 503.

23
.
Erasmus Darwin,
The Temple of Nature; or, the Origin of Society: A Poem with Philosophical Notes
(London: J. Johnson, 1803), 119.

24
.
Darwin,
Zoonomia
, vol. 1, 509.

25
.
Monthly Magazine
13 (1802): 458; quoted in Desmond King-Hele, Erasmus
Darwin
(New York: Scribner's, 1963), 14.

26
.
Francis Darwin,
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter
, vol. 1 (New York: Appleton & Co., 1896), 6.

27
.
Erasmus Darwin to Matthew Boulton, 1781, in Desmond King-Hele, “The Lunar Society of Birmingham,”
Nature
212 (15 October 1966): 232.

28
.
Erasmus Darwin to Matthew Boulton, ca. 1764, in Robert E. Schofield,
The Lunar Society of Birmingham: A Social History of Provincial Science and
Industry in Eighteenth-Century England
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 29–30, and Oesmond King-Hele, ed.,
The Letters of Erasmus Darwin
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 27–31.

29
.
Percy Shelley, preface to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's
Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus
(London: Lockington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor & Jones, 1818), vii.

30
.
Mary W. Shelley, introduction to the Standard Novels edition of
Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus
(London: Colburn & Bentley, 1831; reprint, Penguin Classics, 1985), 8 (page citation is to the reprint edition).

31
.
Erasmus Darwin to Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire, November 1800, in King-Hele,
Letters of Erasmus Darwin
, 325.

32
.
Aris's Birmingham Gazette
, 23 October 1762, excerpted in John A. Langford,
A Century of Birmingham Life
, vol. 1 (Birmingham: E. C. Osborne, 1868), 148; as quoted in Schofield,
Lunar Society
, 26.

33
.
Samuel Coleridge, 27 January 1796, in Earl Leslie Griggs, ed.,
Collected Letters
, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), 99.

34
.
King-Hele,
Erasmus Darwin
, 3.

35
.
Charles Darwin to Thomas Huxley, in Francis Darwin, ed.,
More Letters of Charles Darwin
, vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1903), 125.

36
.
Samuel Butler,
Evolution, Old and New; or, The theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin
(London: Hardwicke & Bogue, 1879).

37
.
Ernst Krause,
Life of Erasmus Darwin, with a Preliminary Notice by Charles Darwin
(London: Charles Murray, 1879), excerpted in Samuel Butler,
Unconscious Memory
(London: David Bogue, 1880; reprint, London: Jonathan Cape, 1924), 42 (page citation is to the reprint edition).

38
.
Samuel Butler, “Barrel-Organs,” Canterbury
Press
, 17 January 1863; reprinted in Jones,
Canterbury Settlement
, 196. Butler ascribed this anonymous letter to Bishop Abraham of Wellington; there is reason to believe he planted it himself.

39
.
Thomas Butler, in Francis Darwin,
Letters of Charles Darwin
, vol. 1, 144.

40
.
Charles Darwin, 1876, “Autobiography,” in Francis Darwin,
Letters of Charles Darwin
, vol. 1, 29.

41
.
Samuel Butler,
Unconscious Memory
(London: David Bogue, 1880); reprinted as vol. 6 of
The Shrewsbury Edition of the Works of Samuel Butler
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1924), 4.

42
.
Ibid., 12.

43
.
Charles Darwin, 24 March 1863; quoted in Henry Festing Jones, “Darwin on the Origin of Species: Prefatory Note,” in Jones,
Canterbury Settlement
, 184–185.

44
.
Butler, “Darwin Among the Machines,” 208.

45
.
Samuel Butler, “The Mechanical Creation,”
Reasoner
(London), 1 July 1865; reprinted in Jones,
Canterbury Settlement
, 231–233.

46
.
Butler,
Luck, or Cunning?
, 120.

47
.
Thomas Huxley, 1870, “On Descartes ‘Discourse touching the method of using one's reason rightly and of seeking scientific truth,” reprinted in
Methods and Results
, vol. 1 of
Essays
(New York: Appleton, 1902), 191.

48
.
Samuel Butler,
Erewhon; or, Over the Range
(London: Trübner & Co., 1872; new and rev. ed., London: A. C. Fifield, 1913), 236–241 (page citations are to the revised edition).

49
.
Butler to Darwin, 11 May 1872, in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 156–157.

50
.
Butler to Darwin, 30 May 1872, in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 1, 158.

51
.
Charles Darwin to Thomas Huxley, 4 February 1880, in Jones,
Samuel Butler
, vol. 2, 454.

52
.
Henry Festing Jones,
Charles Darwin and Samuel Butler: A step towards Reconciliation
(London: A.C. Fifield, 1911); reprinted as an appendix to Barlow,
Autobiography of Charles Darwin
, 174–196.

53
.
Review of Samuel Butler's
Evolution, Old and New, Saturday Review
(London) 47, no. 1, 231 (31 May 1879): 682.

54
.
Butler,
Unconscious Memory
, 53, 56.

55
.
Samuel Butler to Thomas Gale Butler, 18 February 1876, in H. F. Jones, ed.,
The Notebooks of Samuel Butler
(London: A.C. Fifield, 1912); reprinted as vol. 20 of
The Shrewsbury Edition of the Works of Samuel Butler
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1926), 48.

56
.
Butler,
Luck, or Cunning?
, 1.

57
.
Butler,
Unconscious Memory
, 13, 15.

58
.
Ibid., 13.

59
.
Freeman J. Dyson,
Origins of Life
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 8–9.

60
.
Freeman J. Dyson, “A Model for the Origin of Life,”
Journal of Molecular Evolution
18 (1982): 344.

61
.
Freeman J. Dyson,
Collected Scientific Papers with Commentary
(Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 1996), 47.

62
.
Dyson,
Origins of Life
, 5.

63
.
Butler, “Mechanical Creation,” 233.

64
.
Butler,
Erewhon
, 252–255.

65
.
Thomas Huxley, 1887, “The Progress of Science,” reprinted in
Methods and Results
, 117.

66
.
Dyson,
Origins of Life, 7
.

67
.
Samuel Butler, “From our Mad Correspondent,” Canterbury
Press
, 15 September 1863; reprinted in Joseph Jones,
The Cradle of Erewhon: Samuel Butler in New Zealand
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1959), 196–197.

68
.
Samuel Butler, “Lucubratio Ebria,” Canterbury
Press
, 29 July 1865; reprinted in Jones,
Notebooks of Samuel Butler
, 40.

69
.
Butler,
Unconscious Memory
, 57.

1
.
Charles Babbage,
The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A Fragment
, 2d ed. (London: John Murray, 1838), 33.

2
.
Leibniz to Hobbes, 13/23 July 1670, in Noel Malcolm, ed.,
The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes
, vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 720.

3
.
Olaf Stapledon, “Interplanetary Man,”
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
, 7, no. 6 (7 November 1948): 231.