Darwin Among the Machines (54 page)

Good, Irving J.

on consciousness and communication,
204–205

and cryptanalysis,
63
,
65–66

on importance of IAS reports,
99

on meaning and economy,
171

on random network architecture,
12
,
177

and Turing,
63
,
67
,
204

on ultraintelligent machines,
72
,
170–71
,
205

Göttingen,
53
,
78
,
79
,
141

Gould, Stephen J., on evolutionary progress,
190

Gray, Asa (1810–1888),
186

Gray, Stephen, and electricity,
139

Green, Anne, and William Petty,
160

Greene, Robert (1558?–1592),
212

Grenade Warfare
(Dyson),
221

Gresham College (London),
135

Growth and Encrease and Multiplication of Mankind
(Petty),
162

Gulliksen, Tor, on Barricelli,
119
,
120

Gunning, William F.,
107

H

Haldane, J. B. S. (1892–1964),
174
,
226

halting function (and halting problem),
57

Hamming, Richard,
107

hand grenades, in World War I,
193
,
220–21

handshaking (telecommunications),
133

hardware and software, distinction between

biological,
29
,
32
,
108
,
112
,
123

technological,
9
,
57
,
68
,
70
,
83
,
98
,
112
,
123
,
149
,
185

Hartree, Douglas R.,
68

Harvard Mark I electronic calculator,
68

Hawthorne, Nathaniel,
211

Heath Robinson (cryptanalytic machine),
64

heliography,
133

Henry, Joseph (1797–1878),
42
,
142

Hien, Piet,
118

hierarchy

in biology,
7–8
,
72
,
123
,
185
,
192

in economics,
160
,
171

of languages,
8
,
121
,
123
,
133
,
156
,
160
,
224

and Leviathan Project,
181–83

and mind,
72
,
156
,
185
,
217
,
224

and software,
121
,
123
,
160
,
184–85
,
224

and technology,
7–8
,
72
,
98
,
123
,
185
,
192

Hilbert, David (1862–1943),
53–54
,
57
,
78
,
228

Hilbert program,
53–54
,
78

Hill, Rowland,
42

Hillis, W. Daniel (Danny),
131

on complexity and emergence,
9
,
222–25

on computability and mind,
58

and Connection Machine,
86
,
222

on memory, topology, and time,
216

Hilton, Peter J.,
63–64
,
67

Historical Narration Concerning Heresie
(Hobbes),
2

History of Electric Telegraphy to the Year 1837
(Fahie),
140

Hixon Symposium,
32
,
109
,
190

Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679) 1–7,
13
,
133
,
160

on arithmetic and mind,
6–7
,
39
,
49
,
106
,
159

on artificial life and intelligence,
1–2
,
4
,
6–7
,
50

and Charles II,
4

on collective intelligence,
2–3
,
11
,
13

and Darwinian revolution,
4

and Descartes,
3–4

his enemies,
2–5

on God as a corporeal being,
3
,
5
,
51
,
227

and Hooke,
136

and Leibniz,
35
,
36
,
39
,
73

his
Leviathan
,
1–7
,
11
,
13
,
136
,
159

on mind and mechanism,
3–7
,
35
,
50–51
,
73
,
158

on money,
159–60

and Petty,
160

Hodges, Andrew,
67

Hollerith, Herman (1860–1929),
60

Hollerith (punched card) equipment,
60–62
,
67
,
144

Holzmann, Gerard,
133
,
137
,
139

homeostat (Ashby),
176

Honeywell-Sperry-Rand patent dispute,
69

Hooke, Robert (1635–1703),
133–38

as architect,
135

his arithmetic engine,
135

and Boyle,
134

and cellular structure,
135

and chronometers,
134
,
136

on cryptography,
137

on Hobbes,
136

on Leibniz's calculator,
135

on mind and brain,
136
,
172

and Newton,
135–36

his philosophical algebra,
135

and Royal Society,
134
,
135
,
137

and telecommunications,
133–34
,
137–38
,
142

Hooke's law (of elasticity),
135

horses, in World War I,
193

Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, or Bedlam,
135

hot-potato routing doctrine (Baran),
12
,
151

Hoyle, Sir Fred,
204

HTML (HyperText Markup Language),
225

Huber-Dyson, Verena, on Gödel,
xi
,
49

Hughes, Eric, on electronic banking,
167

human beings

and nature,
ix
,
13
,
228

as nodes,
11
,
191–92
,
209–210

as symbionts,
10
,
12
,
120
,
172
,
223

human-machine synergy,
66

human-machine systems, at RAND,
178–84

Hungary, and sdentine talent,
77

Huxley, Thomas (1825–1895),
4
,
18
,
23
,
25–26
,
31
,
116

Huygens, Christiaan (1629–1695),
38

hydrodynamics,
83–86
,
107
,
110

hydrogen bomb.
See
nuclear weapons

hypercydes (molecular),
191

I

I Ching
, and Leibniz,
37

IAS.
See
Institute for Advanced Study

IAS (Institute for Advanced Study) computer,
xii
,
78–79
,
91–92
,
93–107

as ancestor of the microprocessor,
98
,
203

and artificial life,
xii
,
111–18
,
121
,
124–26
,
129
,
192
.
see also
Barricelli

construction and operation,
97–107
,
111

and digital computing at RAND,
104
,
148
,
178

duplication of,
97
,
98
,
107

logical and physical architecture,
98
,
99–107
,
157

and nuclear weapons,
78–79
,
91–92
,
107
,
111

and origins of IBM model 701,
91
,
106

origins of, and weather prediction,
87–88

peripheral equipment,
98
,
101–102
,
106
,
144

programming of,
102
,
106–107
,
114
,
121
,
130

progress reports, and impact of,
98
,
99
,
121

and random-access memory,
98
,
103–105
,
113

shakedown run,
78–79
,
111

siblings and offspring, listed,
97

and von Neumann,
78–79
,
87–88
,
91–92
,
97
,
98–102
,
106–108
,
125
,
153

IBM (International Business Machines) 12,
91
,
103–104
,
106
,
122
,
144
,
148
,
179
.
see also
SAGE

and evolution of operating systems,
122
,
189

and IAS computer project,
91
,
106

and punched-card computing,
60
,
78
,
81
,
82
,
83
,
106
,
122
,
144

and von Neumann,
91

IBM computers:
model 650
,
122
;
model 701
,
91
,
106
,
178
;
model 704
,
118
,
184
;
model 7090
,
151
,
182

iconoscope,
85
,
104

ideas.
see also
consciousness
;
meaning
;
mind

Darwinian evolution of,
28
,
184

and formal logic,
38
,
43
,
46
,
49
,
129

nature of,
136
,
158
,
225

IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) radar,
104

Illinois, University of,
107

immortality, and composite organisms,
175
,
191
,
210

and non-Darwinian evolution,
31

improbability, and origins of life,
29–30
,
112
,
177

incompleteness (mathematical),
49–50
,
53–54
,
70
,
72
,
78
,
120
,
167
,
228

Industrial Revolution,
21–22
,
134

infinity, and finite-state machines,
10
,
35
,
43
,
56
,
130
,
190

information.
see also
bandwidth
;
bits
;
communication
;
cybernetics
;
telecommunication

and cybernetics,
6
,
98
,
101

defined, by Bateson,
167

flow, in data networks,
12
,
110
,
150
,
158–59
,
205

mathematical theory of,
110
,
153
,
155

and meaning,
8
,
155
,
158
,
167
,
171
,
184–85

and money,
162
,
165

and origins of life,
12
,
29

insects,
8
,
13
,
129
,
170
,
174
,
210

Instinct and Reason
(Smee),
45
,
48

Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Princeton, N.J.

electronic computer project.
See
IAS computer

founding and organization,
79
,
94–97
,
145

grounds, offices, and housing,
93–98

and Princeton University,
79
,
96
,
97
,
99
,
107

integrated circuits,
108
,
169
,
192
.
see also
microprocessors

and Boolean algebra,
44

predicted by Feynman,
174

proliferation of,
8
,
13
,
109
,
203

Intel Corporation,
8
,
203

intelligence.
see also
artificial intelligence
;
collective intelligence
;
global intelligence
;
mind

alien, in form or scale,
7
,
187–88
,
217
,
224
,
228

and communications bandwidth,
204–205

and computability,
58
,
70
,
72
,
216

degeneration of,
224
,
226

distributed,
149
,
208–210

and economic systems,
153
,
159
,
167–68
,
170–71

emergence of,
9
,
12
,
222–24

and evolution,
18
,
31
,
115–16
,
124
,
130
,
185–90
,
228

as an evolutionary process,
8
,
71
,
115
,
228