Darwin Among the Machines (51 page)

and digital ecology,
206–207

and intelligence,
203–205
,
209

Bank of England,
45
,
162
,
171

banks and banking,
11
,
62
,
159
,
162–65
,
167
,
170
,
171

Baran, Paul,
146–52
,
168
,
206–208

on cryptography and security,
152

on the Internet as a free market economy,
168

and packet switching,
146–52
,
206–208

and RAND,
146–52

on wireless networks,
206–208

Barricelli, Nils Aall (1912–1993),
111–21
,
124–25
,
129
.
see also
symbiogenesis

on evolution of evolution,
128
,
191

on Gödel's incompleteness proof,
120

and IAS computer,
113–18
,
121
,
124–25
,
129
,
192

on intelligence and evolution,
115
,
187–88

on languages,
120
,
123

on origins of genetic code,
129

on punched cards,
120

and von Neumann,
125

batch processing,
180

Bateson, Gregory, on information,
167

Baudot, Jean Maurice Émile,
65
,
143

Baudot (teleprinter) code,
65
,
105
,
143

Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827),
222

“Behavior, Purpose and Teleology” (Wiener, Rosenblueth & Bigelow),
101

“being digital,” Turing on,
69

Bell, E. T.,
36

Bell Telephone Laboratories,
61
,
144
,
179

Berkeley, Edmund C.,
108

Berlin, University of,
78

Bernal, J. D., (1901–1971),
13

Bigelow, Julian

and ancestry of microprocessors,
203

and founding of cybernetics group,
100–101

and IAS computer project,
100–107
,
111

on purposive systems,
170

and von Neumann,
101
,
102

and Wiener,
100–101

Billings, John Shaw (1839–1913),
60

BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer),
91

binary arithmetic,
7–8
,
37
,
44
,
66
,
89
,
103
,
106

biology
, coined by Lamarck,
20

bits (of information),
7
,
73
,
106
,
113
,
180
,
205
,
216

nature of,
158
,
216

origins of term,
61
,
99

strings of,
32
,
90
,
104
,
119
,
129
,
144
,
150
,
185

Black Cloud, The
(Hoyle),
204

Blackwell, D. H.,
146

Bletchley Park (code-breaking facility),
9–10
,
63–67
,
69
,
72
,
75
,
88
,
90
,
104
,
170
,
204
,
205
.
see also
Colossus
;
Enigma
;
Fish

blind watchmaker,
116
,
186
,
189

Bombe (cryptanalytic machine),
64
,
67

Book of Numbers,
142

“Book of the Machines” (Butler),
24
,
26

Boole, George (1815–1864),
41
,
43–45
,
49

Boolean algebra,
43–44

Boolean arithmetic, and Colossus,
10
,
65–67

Booth, Robert,
17

Borel, Émile,
154

Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809),
21
,
22

Boyle, Robert (1627–1691),
3
,
6
,
75
,
134

brain.
see also
neural networks
;
neurology

capacity of,
136
,
222

complexity of,
45
,
71
,
109
,
158

and digital computers,
89–90
,
108
,
155–57

evolution of,
81–82
,
218–19

as evolutionary system,
109–110
,
156–57
,
176
,
187
,
188

initial randomness of,
12
,
71
,
170
,
175

and mind,
5
,
45–48
,
72
,
87
,
89
,
109–110
,
136
,
155–59
,
168
,
176
,
204
,
214–15
,
219
,
225

and pulse-frequency coding,
156
,
169
,
225

statistical nature of,
45
,
156
,
168–69

Brainerd, John Grist (1904–1988),
81

Bramhall, John (bishop of Derry, 1594–1663),
4

brass head, legend of,
212–14
,
224

Bricklin, Dan,
122

British Museum,
135

British Tabulating Machine Company,
64

Brodrick, Sir Alan,
161

Brookhaven National Laboratory,
118

Budapest, University of,
78
,
89

Buffon, Georges Louis (1707–1788),
17
,
20
,
27
,
154

Bungey, Friar,
212–14

Bureau of Standards, U.S.,
79
,
107

bureaucracy, and formal systems,
47
,
49
,
129

Burks, Arthur W,
77
,
90
,
93
,
98
,
99–100
,
102–103
,
121

Bush, Vannevar (1890–1974),
61–62
,
80

Butler–Darwin quarrel,
17–18
,
23–24
,
26–27
,
186–87

Butler, Dr. Samuel (1774–1839),
15

Butler, Reverend Thomas (1806–1886),
15
,
24

Butler, Samuel (1835–1902),
15–18
,
23–28
,
31
,
32–34

on artificial intelligence and artificial life,
15
,
24–26
,
28
,
31
,
33–34
,
119
,
191

and Charles Darwin,
17–18
,
23–27
,
186–87

on collective intelligence,
31
,
34
,
168
,
187–88
,
217–18

on evolution,
17–18
,
23–28
,
30
,
119
,
186–87
,
217

on intelligence of evolution,
18
,
27
,
115
,
124
,
186–89

in New Zealand,
15–17
,
24–25
,
32–34

on origins of life,
28
,
188
,
216

on species-level intelligence,
18
,
27
,
116
,
187–88

foresees World Wide Web,
33–34

Buxton, Harry Wilmot, on Babbage,
39–40

Byron, George Gordon Noel (1788–1824),
41

C

C.M. (anonymous telegraphist),
140

Cairns-Smith, A. Graham,
119
,
202

calculus,
36
,
39

logical,
7
,
36–38
,
43
,
89

calculus ratiocinator
,
36
,
48

California Institute of Technology,
173

Calvin, William H.,
81–82
,
159
,
218–19

Cambrian (metazoan) explosion,
21
,
122
,
160

Cambridge University,
15
,
39
,
41
,
54
,
69
,
124
,
132
,
198

Campaigne, Howard,
65

Can machines think?
7
,
35
,
41
,
47
,
50
,
59
,
108
,
210

Canterbury (New Zealand)
Press
,
24
,
32
,
34

Canterbury Settlement (New Zealand),
15
,
16
,
24
,
32

Caroline, Princess of Wales (1683–1737),
51

Catching of the leviathan, The
(Bramhall),
4

cathode-ray tube (CRT),
104–105

Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810),
139

celestial mechanics,
93
,
135

cells, eukaryotic
12
,
112

Census, U.S.,
60

cerebral meteorology (Wiener),
86

Cerebral Symphony, The
(Calvin),
159

chad,
61

Chambers, Robert (1802–1871),
17
,
27
,
190

Chappe, Abraham (1773–1849),
138

Chappe, Claude (1763–1805),
138–39

Charles II, king of England (1630–1685),
4
,
161
,
163–64

Charney, Jule (1917–1981),
88
,
107

chemistry,
12
,
113
,
117
,
125
,
174
,
202

chess,
63
,
75
,
119

Chicago, University of,
98

chicken

as egg's way of making another egg,
28

evolutionary success of,
153

Childhood's End
(Clarke, 1953),
224

children, and language,
226

Christchurch (New Zealand),
16
,
17
,
32

chronometers,
134–35
,
136
,
189

Church, Alonzo,
55
,
57
,
58
,
72
,
88

circuits, biochemical,
191

circulation, of currency,
160
,
164
,
167

civil war (English),
3
,
160

Clarke, Arthur C.,
224

Clarke, Samuel (1675–1729),
51

clay, and origins of life,
202

Clytaemnestra,
131–32

coalitions.
see also
symbiogenesis

in biology,
12
,
112
,
171–72

and evolution,
114
,
117
,
129
,
171–72
,
185

in game theory and economics,
154–155
,
158
,
171

code and coding.
see also
Baudot code
;
Morse code

binary,
37
,
44
,
64
,
66
,
132–33
,
143
,
189
,
224

in biology,
8
,
13
,
27
,
123–24
,
128
,
156
,
158
,
190
,
225

and cryptography,
62–67
,
165–67

and digital computers,
10
,
40
,
57
,
83
,
90
,
99
,
102
,
104
,
106–107
,
114
,
121–24
,
133
,
189
,
202
,
214–16
,
224

and economics,
158–159
,
163
,
165–67
,
169

and evolution of meaning,
8
,
130
,
133
,
225

and formal systems,
37–39
,
46–47
,
49–50
,
129–30
,
190

genetic,
115
,
117–18
,
123–24
,
129
,
160
,
189
,
202
,
217
,
225

pulse-frequency,
156
,
166
,
169
,
225

self-replicating,
13
,
30
,
32
,
120
,
122–23
,
125
,
127–29
,
189
,
202
,
215
,
225

and telecommunications,
33
,
132–33
,
137–39
,
142–44
,
150–51
,
166–67

and Turing machine,
9
,
55–57
,
130
,
139
,
216

coevolution,
126
,
203

coincidence, and evolution,
124
,
189

cold war,
75
,
76
,
147