Darwin Among the Machines (48 page)

30
.
Fahie,
Electric Telegraphy
, 221.

31
.
Francis Ronalds, “Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph” (London: R. Hunter, 1823), 3; quoted in Fahie,
Electric Telegraphy
, 138.

32
.
Francis Ronalds to Lord Melville, 11 July 1816; in Fahie,
Electric Telegraphy
, 135.

33
.
John Barrow to Francis Ronalds, 5 August 1816; in Fahie,
Electric Telegraphy
, 136.

34
.
André-Marie Ampère,
Recueil d'observations électro-dynamiques contentant divers mémoires, notices, extraits de lettres ou d'ouvrages périodiques sur les sciences, relatifs à l'action mutuelle de deux courans électriques
. . . (Paris: Crochard, 1822), 19. (Author's translation.)

35
.
John von Neumann, lecture given at University of Illinois, December 1949, in Arthur Burks, ed.,
Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata
(Urbana: Universsity of Illinois Press, 1966), 75.

36
.
John von Neumann, “Defense in Atomic War,”
Journal of the American Ordnance Association
(1955): 22; reprinted in John von Neumann,
Theory of Games, Astrophysics, Hydrodynamics and Meteorology
, vol. 6 of
Collected Works
(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1963), 524.

37
.
von Neumann, “Defense in Atomic War” (1955), 23; (1963), 525.

38
.
RAND Articles of Incorporation, 1948, in
The RAND Corporation: The First Fifteen Years
(Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1963).

39
.
Contract of 2 March 1946 establishing project RAND; in Bruce Smith,
The RAND Corporation
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), 30.

40
.
A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates
(Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1955; reprint. New York: Free Press, 1966), xii (page citation is to the reprint edition).

41
.
Louis Ridenour and Francis Clauser,
Preliminary Design of an Experimental Earth-Circling Spaceship
, U.S. Air Force Project RAND Report SM-11827, 2 May 1946, 2, 16.

42
.
RAND,
The RAND Corporation
, 23.

43
.
Paul Baran, interview by Judy O'Neill, 5 March 1990, OH 182, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

44
.
J. M. Chester,
Cost of a Hardened, Nationwide Buried Cable Network
, RAND Corporation Memorandum RM-2627-PR, 1 October 1960.

45
.
Baran, interview.

46
.
Ibid.

47
.
Paul Baran,
Summary Overview
, vol. 11 of
On Distributed Communications
, RAND Corporation Memorandum RM-3767-PR, August 1964, 1.

48
.
Paul Baran, “Packet Switching,” in John C. McDonald, ed.,
Fundamentals of Digital Switching
, 2d ed. (New York: Plenum Publishing, 1990), 204.

49
.
Baran, interview.

50
.
Paul Baran,
Reliable Digital Communications Systems Utilizing Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes
, RAND Corporation Memorandum P-1995, 27 May 1960, 1–2.

51
.
Baran,
Digital Communications Systems
, 7.

52
.
Paul Baran,
History, Alternative Approaches, and Comparisons
, vol. 5 of
On Distributed Communications
, RAND Corporation Memorandum RM-3097-PR, August 1964, 8.

53
.
Warren S. McCulloch, in Claude Shannon, “Presentation of a Maze-Solving Machine,” in Heinz von Foerster, Margaret Mead, and H. L. Teuber, eds.,
Cybernetics: Circular, Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems
, Transactions of the Eighth Cybernetics Conference, March 15–16, 1951 (New York: Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, 1952); reprinted in N. J. A. Sloane and Aaron D. Wyner eds.,
Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected Papers
(New York: IEEE Press, 1993), 687.

54
.
Baran,
On Distributed Communications
, vol. 5, iii.

55
.
Baran, “Packet Switching,” 209.

56
.
Baran,
On Distributed Communications
, vol. 1, 25.

57
.
Ibid., 24.

58
.
Ibid., 29.

59
.
Paul Baran,
Security, Secrecy, and Tamper-free Considerations
, vol. 9 of
On Distributed Communications
, RAND Corporation Memorandum RM-3765-PR, August 1964, v.

60
.
Baran, interview.

61
.
Ibid.

62
.
Ibid.

63
.
Ibid.

1
.
Stanislaw Ulam, in Paul S. Moorhead and Martin M. Kaplan, eds.,
Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution
, A Symposium Held at the Wistar Institute, April 25–26, 1966 (Philadelphia: Wistar Institute, 1967), 42.

2
.
John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern,
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944); 2d ed., New York: John Wiley, 1947), 2 (page citation is to the 2d edition).

3
.
Loren Eiseley,
Darwin's Century
(New York: Doubleday, 1958), 39.

4
.
André-Marie Ampère,
Considérations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu
(Lyons, France: Frères Perisse, 1802), 3. (Author's translation.)

5
.
Jacob Marschak, “Neumann's and Morgenstern's New Approach to Static Economics,”
Journal of Political Economy
54, no. 2 (April 1946): 114.

6
.
J. D. Williams,
The Compleat Strategyst
(Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1954), 216.

7
.
John Nash,
Parallel Control
, RAND Corporation Research Memorandum RM-1361, 27 August 1954, 14.

8
.
John von Neumann, “A Model of General Economic Equilibrium,”
Review of Economic Studies
13 (1945): 1.

9
.
John von Neumann,
The Computer and the Brain
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958), 79–82.

10
.
John von Neumann, 1948, “General and Logical Theory of Automata,” in Lloyd A. Jeffress, ed.,
Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium
(New York: Hafner, 1951), 24.

11
.
Stan Ulam, quoted by Gian-Carlo Rota, “The Barrier of Meaning,” Letters
in Mathematical Physics
10 (1985): 99.

12
.
von Neumann, “Automata,” 24.

13
.
Stan Ulam, quoted by Rota, “The Barrier of Meaning,” 98.

14
.
D. E. Rumelhart and J. E. McClelland,
Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition
, vol. 1 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986), 132.

15
.
William H. Calvin,
The Cerebral Symphony
(New York: Bantam, 1990), 118.

16
.
Thomas Hobbes,
De Cive
(in Latin) (Paris: privately printed, 1642), chap. 12, part 5; translated by Hobbes as
Philosophicall Rudiments concerning Government and Society
(London: Richard Royston, 1651); reprinted, with an introduction by Sterling Lamprecht, ed., as
De Cive; or, The Citizen
(New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1949), 133.

17
.
Thomas Hobbes,
Leviathan; or, The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill
(London: Andrew Crooke, 1651), 130–131.

18
.
John Aubrey, in
Aubrey's Brief Lives: Edited from the Original Manuscripts and with a Life of John Aubrey by Oliver Lawson Dick
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949), 237.

19
.
Sir Robert Southwell to William Petty, 28 September 1687, in
The Petty-Southwell Correspondence, 1676–1687, Edited from the Bowood Papers by the Marquis of Landsowne
(London: Constable & Co., 1928), 287.

20
.
Aubrey, 238.

21
.
Ibid., 239.

22
.
Sir William Petty, 7 November 1668, “An attempt to demonstrate that an Engine may be fix'd in a good Ship of 5 or 600 Tonn to give her fresh way at Sea in a calm,” in Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice,
The Life of Sir William Petty, 1623–1687
(London: John Murray, 1895), 122–124.

23
.
William Petty to Robert Southwell, 26 February 1680/81, in
The Petty-Southwell Correspondence
, 87.

24
.
Lord Shelborne (Charles Petty), dedication to William Petty,
Political Arithmetick; or, a Discourse concerning the extent and value of Lands, People, buildings; Husbandry, Manufacture, Commerce, Fishery, Artizans, Seamen, Soldiers; Public Revenues, Interest, Taxes
. . . (London, 1690).

25
.
Sir William Petty, 1682,
Quantulumcunque Concerning Money
(London: A. & J. Churchill, 1695), 165.

26
.
Hilary C. Jenkinson, “Exchequer Tallies,”
Archaeologia
, 2d ser., 12 (1911): 368.

27
.
John Giuseppi,
The Bank of England: A History from Its Foundation in 1694
(Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1966), 105.

28
.
Alfred Smee,
Instinct and Reason: Deduced from Electro-biology
(London: Reeve, Benham & Reeve, 1850), xxix-xxxii.

29
.
Jenkinson, “Exchequer Tallies,” 369.

30
.
Francis Cradocke,
An Expedient For taking away all Impositions, and raising a Revenue without Taxes, By Erecting Bankes for the Encouragement of Trade
(London: Henry Seile, 1660), 1.

31
.
Henry Robinson,
Certain Proposals In order to the Peoples Freedome and Accommodation in some Particulars
(London: M. Simmons, 1652), 18.

32
.
R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, “A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems,”
Communications of the ACM
21, no. 2 (February 1978): 120.

33
.
John Wilkins,
Mercury; or, the Secret and Swift messenger, shewing how a man may with privacy and speed Communicate his thoughts to a Friend at any distance
(London: John Maynard, 1641), 169–170.

34
.
Ibid., 167.

35
.
Eric Hughes, “A Long-term Perspective on Electronic Commerce,”
Release 1.0
(31 March 1995): 8.

36
.
Gerald Thompson, “John von Neumann's Contributions to Mathematical Programming Economics,” in M. Dore, S. Chakravarty, and Richard Goodwin, eds.,
John von Neumann and Modern Economics
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 232.

37
.
Oskar Morgenstern, “The Theory of Games,”
Scientific American
180, no. 5 (May 1949): 23.

38
.
Marvin Minsky,
The Society of Mind
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), 18, 322.

39
.
Samuel Butler,
Luck, or Cunning, as the main means of Organic Modification?
(London: Trübner & Co., 1887); reprinted as vol. 8 of
The Shrewsbury Edition of the Works of Samuel Butler
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1924), 98.

40
.
Adam Smith, 1776,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, reprint of the 5th ed., vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904), 477–478.

41
.
Paul Baran, “Is the UHF Frequency Shortage a Self Made Problem?” address to the Marconi Centennial Symposium, Bologna, Italy, 23 June 1995.

42
.
Carver Mead,
Analog VLSI and Neural Systems
(Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1989), 147.

43
.
Irving J. Good, 1980,
Ethical Machines
(unpublished draft prepared for the Tenth Machine Intelligence Workshop, Case Western Reserve University, April 20–25, 1981), ix.

44
.
Irving J. Good, “Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine,”
Advances in Computers
6 (1965): 39–40.

45
.
William Petty to Robert Southwell, letter, 1677, “The Scale of Creatures,”
The Petty Papers: Some Unpublished Writings of Sir William Petty, Edited from the Bowood Papers by the Marquis of Landsowne
, vol. 2 (London: Constable & Co., 1927), 21.

46
.
W. Stanley Jevons,
Money and the Mechanism of Exchange
(New York: Appleton, 1896), 202.

47
.
Robert Hooke,
The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, containing his Cutlerian lectures, and other discourses
(London: Richard Waller, 1705), 140.

1
.
Joe Van Lone, Cablevision Inc., quoted by Jerry Michalski in
Release 1.0
, 22 November 1993, 6.

2
.
Richard Feynman, “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,”
Engineering and Science
23 (1960): 26.