Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (139 page)

1
    Peter Kropotkin,
The State: Its Historic Role
(1897) trans. Vernon Richards (Freedom Press, 1969), p. 55

2
    
The Anarchist Writings of William Godwin
, ed. with introd. Peter Marshall (Freedom Press, 1986), p. 92

3
    
Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
, ed. Stewart Edwards (Macmillan, 1970), p. 89

4
    Michael Bakunin,
Oeuvres
, ed. J. Guillaume (Paris: P.V. Stock, 1910), IV, 252

5
    Bart de Ligt,
The Conquest of Violence
:
An Essay on War and Revolution
, trans. Honor Tracey, introd. Aldous Huxley (Routledge, 1937), p. 75

6
    Rudolf Rocker,
Anarcho-syndicalism
(Secker & Warburg, 1938), p. 89

1
    See Ernest Barker,
Principles of Social and Political Theory
(Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 3

2
    Thomas Paine,
Common Sense
, ed. Isaac Kramnick (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), p. 65

3
    Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 13

4
    Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., pp. 89, 50

5
    See Taylor,
Community, Anarchy and Liberty
, op. cit., pp. 6–10; Ward, ‘Harmony through Complexity’,
Anarchy in Action
, op. cit., pp. 44–52; John Pilgrim, ‘Anarchism and stateless societies’,
Anarchy
, 58 (December 1965), 353–68; ‘Primitive Societies and Social Myths’,
A Decade of Anarchy 1961–70
, ed. Colin Ward (Freedom Press, 1987), pp. 59–71; Harold Barclay,
People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchism
(Kahn & Averill, 1982); and John Middleton & David Tait, eds.,
Tribes without Rulers
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958)

6
    Proudhon, quoted in Rocker,
Nationalism and Culture
(Freedom Press,
c.
1947), p. 231

7
    Sébastien Faure,
La Douleur universelle, la philosophie libertaire
(Paris: Savine, 1895), p. 217

8
    
Chuang Tzu
, trans. Herbert A. Giles (1889) (Allen & Unwin, 1980), pp. 98–9

9
    
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 16

10
  See Arthur O. Lovejoy,
The Great Chain of Being
(1936) (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 196–7

11
  Proudhon,
Selected Writings
, op. cit., p. 249

12
  
Bakunin on Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 271

13
  
Errico Malatesta; His Life and ideas
, ed. Vernon Richards (Freedom Press, 1977) pp. 267, 277

14
  See my article, ‘The Natural Order of Anarchy’,
The New Internationalist
(February 1979), pp. 20–1; and Ward, ‘The Theory of Spontaneous Order’,
Anarchy in Action
, op. cit., pp. 28–38

15
  See April Carter,
The Political Theory of Anarchism
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971), pp. 78–9

16
  Kropotkin,
The State
, op. cit., p. 31

17
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., p. 89; Kropotkin,
Anarchism and Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 9

18
  Benjamin R. Tucker,
Instead of a Book
(New York: B. R. Rucker, 1899), pp. 21–3

19
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., p. 90

20
  Max Stirner,
The Ego & Its Own
, trans. Steven T. Byington (1907), in
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 240

21
  Proudhon,
Selected Writings
, op. cit., pp. 89, 110

22
  Proudhon,
General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century
(1851), quoted in Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., pp. 15–16

23
  Bakunin, ibid., p. 61

24
  Malatesta,
Anarchy
(Freedom Press, 1974), pp. 13–14

25
  
Kropotkin’s Revolutionary Pamphlets
, ed. Roger N. Baldwin (1927), reprinted (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1968), pp. 46, 284

26
  Kropotkin,
The State
, op. cit., pp. 10, 52

27
  Gustav Landauer, quoted in Martin Buber,
Paths in Utopia
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), p. 46

28
  Bookchin,
Ecology of Freedom
, op. cit., pp. 94, 124

29
  L. T. Hobhouse,
Liberalism
(Williams & Norgate, n.d.), pp. 146–7

30
  Kropotkin,
Paroles d’un révolté
(Paris: Marponet Flammarion, 1885), p. 34

31
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., p. 114

32
  Lysander Spooner,
No Treason
(1870), quoted in Miller,
Anarchism
, op. cit., pp. 37–8

33
  Proudhon, quoted in
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 111

34  Bakunin, ibid., p. 109

35
  Nicolas Walter,
About Anarchism
(Freedom Press, 1969), p. 10

36
  Woodcock, ‘Tradition and Revolution’,
The Raven
, II, 2 (1988), p. 104

37
  Engels, ‘The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State’, Marx & Engels,
Selected Works
(Lawrence & Wishart, 1968), p. 589

38
  Marx & Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
, ed. A. J. P. Taylor (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), p. 105

39
  Quoted by Lenin,
The State and Revolution
(1917) (Peking, 1965), p. 19

40
  Engels, ‘On the Occasion of Karl Marx’s Death’,
Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism: Selected Writings by Marx, Engels, & Lenin
, ed. N. Y. Kolpinsky (New York: International Publishers, 1972), pp. 171–3

41
  Lenin,
The Tasks of the Proletariat in our Revolution
, quoted in Alexander Gray,
The Socialist Tradition
, op. cit., p. 469

42
  Robert Conquest,
Lenin
(Fontana, 1972), p. 85

43
  Lenin,
The State and Revolution
, op. cit., p. 124

44
  Marx, ‘Instructions’,
The First International and After
, ed. David Fernbach (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 89

45
  Marx to Paul Lafargue, 19 April 1870, Marx, Engels & Lenin
Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism
, op. cit., p. 46

46
  Marx, ‘Conspectus of Bakunin’s
Statism and Anarchy’
in
The First International and After
, op. cit., p. 334

47
  Paul Thomas,
Karl Marx and the Anarchists
, (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980) p. 351

48
  Lenin,
The State and Revolution
, op. cit., pp. 63, 71

49
  See Conquest,
Lenin
, op. cit., p. 86

50
  Lenin,
‘Left-Wing’ Communism, An Infantile Disorder
(1920) (Peking, 1965), pp. 16–17. 94

51
  Lenin,
The State
(1929) (Peking, 1965), pp. 24–5

52
  See Barker,
Principles of Social and Political Theory
, op. cit., p. 227

53
  Tolstoy, ‘The Slavery of our Times’,
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 118

54
  Tolstoy, ‘Patriotism and Government’,
The Works of Leo Tolstoy
, trans. Aylmer Maude (Henry Frowde, 1904), XLVI, 1, p. 250

55
  Jean Grave,
L’Anarchie, son but, ses moyens
(Paris: Stock, 1899), p. 3. For a discussion, see Thom Holterman & Henevan Maarsween,
Law and Anarchism
(Montréal: Black Rose, 1984)

56
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., pp. 94, 98

57
  Ibid., pp. 79, 95

58
  Kropotkin, ‘Law and Authority’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., p. 205

59
  Kropotkin,
In Russian and French Prisons
(1887), in
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 363

60
  Ibid., p. 124

61
  Kropotkin, ‘Law and Authority’, in
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 116. See also C. Cahm, ‘Kropotkin and Law’,
Anarchism and Law
, op. cit., pp. 119–40

62
  Stirner,
The Ego and Its Own
, op. cit., p. 91

63
  See Geoffrey Ostergaard, ‘Resisting the Nation-State: the Pacifist and Anarchist Traditions’,
The Nation-State: The Formation of Modern Politics
, ed. Leonard Tivey (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981), pp. 171–95

64
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., pp. 107, 164

65
  Tolstoy, ‘Patriotism and Government’, op. cit., p. 252

66
  Proudhon, quoted in Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 68

67
  Bakunin, ibid.

68
  Bakunin, quoted in
Socialism and Nationalism
, eds. E. Cahm & V. C. Fisera (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1978), p. 42

69
  
The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism
, ed. G. P.
Maximoff (New York: Free Press, 1953), Part Two, chs. x - xi

70
  Bakunin, quoted in Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., pp. 6–7

71
  Rudolf Rocker,
Nationalism and Culture
, op. cit., pp. 200–1

72
  Gustav Landauer, quoted in Ward,
Anarchy in Action
, op. cit., p. 11

73
  Landauer, quoted by Buber,
Paths in Utopia
, op. cit., p. 49

1
    Sébastien Faure, ‘Anarchie’,
Encylopédie anarchiste
(Paris, n.d.). Cf. Anthony Arblaster, ‘The Relevance of Anarchism’,
The Socialist Register
(1971), p. 198

2
    Herbert Read, ‘Chains of Freedom’,
Anarchy & Order
, op. cit., p. 164

3
    Quoted in Kenneth Rexroth,
Communalism: From its Origins to the Twentieth Century
(New York: Seabury Press, 1974), p. 236

4
    For the distinction between negative and positive freedom, see Isaiah Berlin,
Two Concepts of Liberty
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958). Paul Thomas errs in thinking that anarchists are chiefly concerned with the negative view of liberty. See his
Karl Marx and the inarchists
, op. cit., p. 8.

5
    See Gerald C. MacCalham, Jr., ‘Negative and Positive Freedom’,
Contemporary Political Theory
, ed. Anthony de Crespigny & Alan Wertheimer (Nelson, 1971), pp. 107–26

6
    Bakunin, ‘Revolutionary Catechism’ (1866),
Bakunin on Anarchy
, ed. Sam Dolgoff (Allen & Unwin, 1973), pp. 76, 261

7
    Read,
Anarchy & Order
, op. cit., p. 23

8
    Sébastien Faure,
Autorité et liberté
(Paris: Aux Bureaux de la Révolte, 1891), no folios.

9
    Elisée Reclus,
L’Evolution, la révolution, et l’idéal anarchiste
(Paris: Stock, 1896), p. 143

10
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., p. 158

11
  
Bakunin on Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 257

12
  Fyodor Dostoevsky,
Notes from Underground
, trans. Jessie Coulson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), pp. 33–4

13
  Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., p. 24