Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (142 page)

54
  Ibid., p. 7

55
  
A Second Fiery Flying Roule
, op. cit., p. 8

56
  Preface,
A Fiery Flying Roll
, op. cit., p. 3

57
  Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium
, op. cit., p. 317

58
  See ‘Introduction’, Coppe,
Selected Writings
, ed. Andrew Hopton (Aporia Press, 1987), p. 7

59
  
Copps Return to the wayes of Truth
(1651), p. 14

60
  J. C. Davis,
Fear, Myth and History
(Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 91

61
  Morton,
The World of the Ranters
, op. cit., p. 112

1
    François Rabelais,
Gargantua and Pantagruel
, Bk 1 (1534). My translation. See Marie Louise Berneri,
Journey through Utopia
(London: Freedom Press, 1982), p. 141

2
    Etienne de la Boétie,
Discours de la servitude volontaire
, ed. Maurice Rat (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1963), p. 55. My translation.

3
    Ibid., p. 55

4
    Ibid., p. 57

5
    Ibid., p. 63

6
    Ibid., p. 72

7
    Ibid., p. 87

8
    Ibid., p. 92

9
    See Nicolas Walter, ‘Introduction’ to
Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, Anarchy
63 (May 1966), p. 135

10
  Max Nettlau,
Bibliographie de l’anarchie
(Paris: Stock, 1897), p. 2; see also E. V. Zenker,
Anarchism
(Methuen, 1898), pp. 15–16

11
  See Murray N. Rothbard, ‘Introduction’,
The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude
(New York: Free Life, 1975)

12
  Gabriel de Foigny,
A New Discovery of Terra Incognita Australis
(1693), quoted in Berneri,
Journey through Utopia
, op. cit., p. 193

13
  Ibid., p. 196

14
  Ibid., pp. 198–200

15
  Ibid., p. 201

16
  Ibid.

17
  François de Salignac de La Mothe Fénelon,
Télémaque
(1699), quoted in Gray,
The Socialist Tradition
, op. cit., p. 72

18
  Claude Harmel,
Histoire de l’anarchie
(Paris: Editions Champ Libre, 1984), p. 26

19
  
Le Testament de Jean Meslier
, ed. Rudolf Charles (Amsterdam: R. C. Meijer, 1864), I, p. 4

20
  Ibid., pp. 6–7

21
  Quoted by Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 14

22
  Morelly,
Code de la nature, ou le véritable esprit de ses lois
(1755), ed. Edouard Dolléans (Paris, 1910), Preface

23
Ibid., p. 71

24
  Ibid., p. 30

25
  Quoted in Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 13

26
  Denis Diderot, ‘Passions’,
Encyclopedia
, quoted in Charles Vereker,
Eighteenth-Century Optimism
(Liverpool University Press, 1967), p. 168

27
  Diderot, ‘Législation’, ibid., p. 191

28
  Diderot,
Rameau’s Nephew, D’Alembert’s Dream
, trans. Leonard Tancock (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966), p. 65

29
  Diderot, ‘Le Code de Denis’, quoted in Berneri,
Journey through Utopia
, op. cit., p. 201. My translation.

30
  Diderot, ‘Les Eleuthéromanes ou abdication d’un roi de la fève’, Ibid., p. 202

31
  Diderot, ‘Entretiens d’un père avec ses enfants’,
Contes morales et nouvelles idylles
(Paris, 1773)

32
  Diderot, ‘Supplément au voyage de Bougainville’,
Diderot: Selected Philosophical Writings
, ed. John Lough (Cambridge University Press, 1953), p. 190

33
  Ibid., pp. 168, 169

34
  Ibid., p. 197

35
  Ibid., p. 203

36
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ‘A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences’ (1750),
The Social Contract and Discourses
, trans. and introd. G. D. H. Cole, eds. J. H. Brumfitt & John C. Hall (J. M. Dent, 1973), p. 26

37
  Rousseau, ‘A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality’ (1754),
The Social Contract and Discourses
, op. cit., pp. 39, 45, 74

38
  Ibid., p. 68

39
  Ibid., pp. 55, 74

40
  Ibid., p. 68

41
  Ibid., p. 76

42
  Ibid., pp. 83, 86, 89

43
  Ibid., pp. 94, 95

44
  Ibid., p. 93

45
  Ibid., p. 96

46
  Rousseau,
Confessions
(1781–8),
Oeuvres complètes
, eds. B. Gagnebin & M. Raymond (Paris, 1959–70), I, 404

47
  ‘A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality’, op. cit., p. 104

48
  Ibid., p. 82

49
  Godwin,
Political Justice
(1798), ed. Isaac Kramnick (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), pp. 496–7n

50
  See Ronald Grimsley,
The Philosophy of
Rousseau
(Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 91, 115; Peter Gay,
The Enlightenment: An Interpretation
(Wildwood House, 1973), II, 534

51
  Rousseau,
Emile ou de l’éducation
(1762) (Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1966), p. 35

52
  Ibid., pp. 628, 629

53
  Rousseau,
The Social Contract
, op. cit., p. 174

54
  Ibid., p. 240

55
  Ibid., pp. 208–9, 210, 228

56
  Gay,
The Enlightenment
, op. cit., II, 549

57
  Roussean,
The Social Contract
, op. cit., pp. 165, 170, 177

58
  Godwin,
Political Justice
, op. cit., p. 497n

59
Bakunin, quoted in Rocker,
Nationalism and Culture
, op. cit., pp. 162–3. See also J. L. Talmon,
The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy
(1952) (Sphere, 1970), pp. 38–49

60
  See Judith N. Shklar, ‘Rousseau’s Images of Authority’,
Hobbes and Rousseau: A Collection of Critical Essays
, eds. Maurice Cranston & R. S. Peters (New York: Anchor, 1972), p. 341

61
  See John Plamenatz, ‘On le forcera d’ětre libre’, ibid., pp. 323–4

62
  Rousseau,
The Social Contract
, op. cit., p. 178

63
  Rousseau, ‘Discourse on the Origin of Inequality’, op. cit., p. 70

64
  Rousseau,
Emile
, op. cit., p. 466

1
    Locke,
Two Treatises of Civil Government
, op. cit., p. 118

2
    See C. B. Macpherson,
The Theory of Possessive Individualism
(Oxford University Press, 1962)

3
    See Irvin Ehrenpreis, ‘Swift on Liberty (1952)’,
Swift
, ed. A. Norman Jeffares (Nashville/London: Aurora, 1970), pp. 59–60

4
    Jonathan Swift,
Gulliver’s Travels and Other Writings
, ed. Ricardo Quintana (New York: The Modern Library, 1958), p. 101

5
    J. Middleton Murray,
Swift
(Longmans, Green & Co., 1966), p. 5

6
    Godwin,
Political Justice
(G. G. & J. Robinson, 1798 edn.), II, 209n

7
Swift,
Gulliver’s Travels
, op. cit., p. 202

8
    Ibid., p. 229

9
    Ibid., p. 226

10
  George Orwell, ‘Politics
vs.
Literature: an examination of
Gulliver’s Travels’
(1950),
Swift
, ed. A. Norman Jeffares, op. cit., p. 2

11
  Ibid., pp. 202. Orwell adds that both Tolstoy and Swift have ‘the same anarchistic outlook covering an authoritarian cast of mind’. Ibid., p. 203

12
  Quoted in my
William Godwin
, op. cit., p. 49. For Swift’s influence on Godwin, see also James A. Preu,
The Dean and the Anarchist
(Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1959)

13
  Edmund Burke,
A Vindication of Natural Society
(M. Cooper, 1756), pp. 3–4

14
  Ibid., pp. 5, 8

15
  Ibid., p. 13

16
  Ibid., p. 90

17
  Ibid., pp. 67, 104

18
  Godwin,
Political Justice
(1798 edn.), op. cit., I, 13n

19
Burke,
The Inherent Evils of all State Governments Demonstrated
(Holyoake & Co., 1858), Preface, p. iii; Appendix, pp. 59–60

20
  Thomas Paine,
Rights of Man
, ed. Henry Collins (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), p. 241

21
  Ibid., p. 250

22
  Ibid., p. 181

23
  Thomas Paine, ‘An Occasional Letter to the Female Sex’ (1775),
The Writings of Thomas Paine
, ed. M. D. Conway & C. Putnam (New York, 1906), II, 60

24
  Paine,
Common Sense
, op. cit., p. 100

25
  Ibid., p. 65

26
  Paine,
Rights of Man
, op. cit., p. 168

27
  Burke,
Reflections on the Revolution in France
(1790), ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), p. 173

28
  Paine,
Rights of Man
, op. cit., p. 64

29
  See Olivia Smith,
The Politics of Language 1791–1819
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 139

30
  Paine,
Rights of Man
, p. 90

31
  Ibid., pp. 211, 220, 232

32
  Ibid., p. 109

33
  Ibid., p. 168

34
  Ibid., p. 185

35
  Ibid., pp. 230, 186

36
  Ibid., pp. 187–8

37
  Ibid., p. 187

38
  Ibid., pp. 220, 209

39
  Ibid., p. 206

1
    Quoted in Geoffrey Gorer, ed.,
The Life and Ideas of the Marquis de Sade
(Panther, 1965), pp. 15–16

2
    Ibid., p. 32

3
    Ibid., p. 51

4
    Ibid., p. 182

5
    Ibid., p. 177

6
    Ibid., p. 97

7
    Ibid., p. 105

8
    Ibid., p. 101

9
    Ibid., p. 109

10
  Ibid., p. 105

11
  Ibid., pp. 123–4

12
  Ibid., pp. 124–5

13
  Ibid., p. 126

14
  Ibid., p. 131

15
  Ibid., p. 134

16
  Ibid., p. 135