Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (146 page)

57
  
Justice
, op. cit., SW, p. 249

58
  Ibid., p. 233

59
  
Justice
(1930–5 edn.), I, 306

60
  
Carnets
, op. cit., VII, 219

61
  
Confessions
, op. cit., SW, p. 243

62
  
Economic Contradictions
, op. cit., SW, p. 221

63
  
Justice
, op. cit., SW, p. 249

64
  
Justice
(1858 edn.), III, 340

65
  Ibid., IV, 433

66
  
Justice
(1868 edn.), I, 326, 43

67
  Ibid., I, 225. Ritter,
Proudhon
, op. cit., p. 68, defines justice as respect; Gray,
The Socialist Tradition
, op. cit., p. 235, and Woodcock,
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956), p. 208, equate it with equality.

68
  
Justice
(1858 edn.), I, 416

69
  
Philosophy of Progress
(1853) (1946 edn.), pp. 66–7

70
  Quoted in Ritter,
Proudhon
, op. cit., pp. 63–4

71
  
Justice
(1858 edn.), IV, 368; I, 325. For an interesting discussion of this contradiction, see Ritter,
Proudhon
, op. cit., p. 83

72
  
War and Peace
(1861), SW, p. 204

73
  Ibid., p. 23

74
  Ibid., p. 207

75
  
War and Peace
(1927 edn.), p. 121

76
  Ibid., p. 347

77
  
War and Peace
, op. cit., SW, p. 210

78
  
On the Principle of Art
(1861), SW, pp. 215–16

79
  
The Federal Principle
(1863), SW, pp. 103, 106

80
  See
Theory of Property
(1863–4), p. 17

81
  Ibid., p. 208

82
  
Philosophy of Progress
(1853), SW, p. 90

83
  
Federation
, op. cit., SW, p. 91

84
  Ibid. (1959 edn.), pp. 271–2

85
  Ibid., SW, p. 102. Cf. p. 104

86
  Ibid., pp. 108, 110

87
  Letter, 20 August 1864, SW, p. 92

88
  Proudhon to Pierre Leroux, 7 December 1849, ibid., p. 196

89
  
Justice
(1930–5 edn.), III, 174

90
  
Justice
(1868 edn), IV, 134

91
  Proudhon to Joseph Garnier, February 1844, quoted by Hyams,
Proudhon
, op. cit., p. 64

92
  
Justice
, op. cit., SW, p. 254

93
  Quoted by Hyams,
Proudhon
, op. cit., p. 274

94
  
Justice
, op. cit., SW, pp. 255, 256

95
  
Justice
(1868 edn.) I, 304–5

96
  
Carnets
, op. cit., SW, p. 228n

97
Justice
, op. cit., SW p. 260

98
  
Economic Contradictions
(1923 edn.), I, 385

99
  
Philosophy of Progress
, op. cit., SW, p. 246;
Justice
, op. cit., SW, p. 245

100
  Quoted in Guérin,
Ni Dieu ni Maître
, op. cit., p. 122

101
  
Carnets
, op. cit., VI, 269

102
  Ibid., IX, 2

103
  Quoted in Ritter,
Proudhon
, op. cit., p. 172

104
  
Justice
, op. cit., SW, p. 83

105
  
On the Political Capacity of the Working Classes
(1865) (1924 edn.), p. 141

106
  Quoted in Guérin,
Ni Dieu ni Maître
, op. cit., p. 135

107
  Ibid., p. 138

108
  
Political Capacity
, op. cit., SW, p. 60

109
  
Political Capacity
(1924 edn), p. 236

110
  
Justice
(1930–5 edn.), III, 429

111
  Ibid., III, 409, 424

1
    E. H. Carr,
Michael Bakunin
(Macmillan, 1937), p. 440

2
    Aileen Kelly,
Mikhail Bakunin: A Study in the Psychology and Politics of Utopianism
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), p. 293; Arthur P. Mendel,
Michael Bakunin: Roots of Apocalypse
(New York: Praeger, 198), p. 1. See also Max Nomad’s chapter, entitled ‘Bakunin: The Apostle of Pan-Destruction’,
The Apostles of Revolution
(Secker & Warburg, 1961) - an epithet which Eugene Pyziur asserted that he ‘richly deserved’,
The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael A. Bakunin
(Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1965), p. 33

3
    Albert Camus,
L’Homme révolté
(1951) (Paris: Gallimard, 1974), p. 194

4
    Rudolf Rocker, ‘Introduction’,
The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism
, ed. G. P. Maximoff (New York: The Free Press, 1953), p. 17
(hereafter referred to as Max)
; Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 7

5
    See Kelly,
Bakunin
, op. cit., p. 97
(hereafter referred to as Kelly)

6
    Marx to F. Bolte, 23 November 1871, Marx & Engels,
Selected Works
, op. cit., p. 682; Richard B. Saltman,
The Social and Political Thought of Michael
Bakunin
(Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983), p. 170; Arthur Lehning, ‘Introduction’,
Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings
(New York: Grove Press, 1973), p. 10. Paul Thomas in his
Marx and the Anarchists
, op. cit., follows Marx in arguing that Bakunin was opposed to theory.

7
    Quoted in Guy A. Aldred,
Bakunin
(Glasgow: Bakunin Press, 1940), p. 31

8
    Carr,
Bakunin
, op. cit., 2nd edn. (New York, 1975), p. 229

9
    Paul Avrich,
The Russian Anarchists
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967), pp. 20–1; Edmund Wilson,
To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History
(1940) (Fontana, 1970), p. 283
(hereafter referred to as Wilson)

10
  Mendel,
Bakunin
, op. cit., pp. 419, 1

11
  Wilson, p. 269

12
  
Bakunin on Anarchy: Selected Works of the Activist-Founder of World Anarchism
, ed. Sam Dolgoff (Allen & Unwin, 1973); Saltman,
The Social and Political Thought of Michael Bakunin
, op. cit., p. 170

13
  See Anthony Masters,
Bakunin: The Father of Anarchism
(Sidgwick & Jackson, 1974), pp. xix-xx

14
  
Bakunin on Anarchy
, op. cit., p. 261. After Bakunin’s death, his friend James Guillaume edited five out of six volumes of his
Oewres
(Paris: P. V. Stock, 1895–1913). Max Nettlau edited the first. The Russian historian M. Steklov intended to publish fourteen volumes of Bakunin’s work, but after four (M. A. Bakunin,
Sobranie sochinenii i pisem 1828–76
, ed. Yu. M. Steklov, 4 vols. (Moscow, 1934–5)
(hereafter referred to as Bakunin)
, the project was dropped; even these four volumes were later withdrawn from circulation in the Soviet Union. Arthur Lehning began to edit an edition of fifteen volumes of Bakunin’s Archives held at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. So far seven volumes of
Archives Bakounine
have appeared (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961 -). Lehning also edited
Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings
(New York: Grove Press, 1974)
(hereafter referred to as Lehning).
Other collections referred to are
The Political Philosophy of Bakunin
, ed. G. P. Maximoff, with an Introduction by Rudolf Rocker (New York: The Free Press, 1953)
(hereafter referred to as Max.)
, which arranges selections thematically; and
Bakunin on Anarchy
, op. cit.
(hereafter referred to as Dol)
, which arranges them chronologically.

15
  Max., pp. 314, 313

16
  Dol., p. 139

17
  Max., p. 30

18
  Wilson, p. 270

19
  Mendel, p. 419

20
  Ibid., p. 29

21
  Bakunin to his parents, 19 December 1834,
Bakunin
, I, 154

22
  Bakunin to A. P. Efremov, 29 July 1835, ibid., I, 174–5

23
  Bakunin to his sisters, 10 August 1836, Lehning, pp. 31–2, 34–5

24
  Bakunin to Varvara, 22 December 1836,
Bakunin
, I, 376

25
  Bakunin,
God and the State
, ed. Benjamin Tucker (1893) (New York: Dover, 1970), p. 72

26
  Dol., p. 57. The usual translation of the last sentence is: ‘The urge to destroy is also a creative urge.’ See Lehning, p. 58

27
  Bakunin to I. Skorzewski, January 1849,
Bakunin
, III, 370

28
  Bakunin to his family, May 1843, ibid., III, 216

29
  Bakunin to Pavel and Turgenev, 20 November 1842, ibid., III, 164

30
  
Materialy dlya biografii M. Bakunina
, ed. V. Polonsky, 3 vols. (Moscow, Petrograd, 1923), I, 175
(hereafter referred to as Materialy).
See also
The Confessions of Mikhail Bakunin
, trans. Robert C. Howes, ed. Lawrence D. Orton (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), p. 92

31
  Bakunin to Arnold Ruge, 19 January 1843,
Bakunin
, III, 176–7

32
  Ibid., III, 222–31; Kelly p. 115

33
  Lehning, pp. 123–4

34
  Max., p. 37

35
  Bakunin to his brothers and sisters, 1 May 1845,
Bakunin
, III, 249–50

36
  
Materialy
, III, 301

37
  H.-E. Kaminski,
Bakounine: la vie d’un révolutionnaire
(1938) (Paris: Bélibaste, 1971), p. 77
(hereafter referred to as
Kaminski)

38
  
Materialy
, III, 367. Cf. Bakunin’s letter to
La Démocratie
, ibid., III, 145, acknowledging Proudhon’s influence on his anarchism.

39
  Bakunin to Georg and Emma Herwegh, 6 September 1847,
Bakunin
, III, 265

40
  Wilson, p. 271

41
  Bakunin to Georg Herwegh, 8 December 1848,
Bakunin
, III, 368

42
  Bakunin to Herwegh, August 1848, ibid., III, 318

43
  Dol., p. 70

44
  
Confessions
, op. cit., pp. 112, 119

45
  See Franco Venturi,
Roots of Revolution
(New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1966) p. 58; Dol., p. 62

46
  Quoted in Lehning, p. 144

47
  
Confessions
, op. cit., pp, 149–50, 34

48
  Ibid., p. 79

49
  Quoted in Kaminski, p. 167

50
  Bakunin to Tatyana, February 1854,
Bakunin
, IV, 244–5

51
  Bakunin to his family,
Materialy
, I, 269

52
  Bakunin to Herzen, 7 November 1860; 8 December 1860, Kelly, p. 147