Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (148 page)

11
  Ibid., p. 188

12
  Ibid., p. 195

13
  Ibid., p. 210

14
  Sergei Kravchinsky,
Underground Russia
(New York, 1885), p. 89

15
  Kropotkin,
Selected Writings on Anarchism and Revolution
, ed. Martin A. Miller (Cambridge, Mass.: M. I. T. Press, 1970), p. 63

16
  Kropotkin,
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 260

17
  For a detailed account of Kropotkin’s involvement in the anarchist movement at the time see Caroline Cahm,
Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Violence, 1872–1886
(Cambridge University Press, 1988)

18
  Woodcock & Avakumović,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 218

19
  Kropotkin,
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 293.
See also the essay ‘Prisons and their Moral Influence on Prisoners’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., pp. 220–35

20
  ‘Law and Authority’, ibid., pp. 205, 217

21
  Miller,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 169

22
  Kropotkin,
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 303

23
  ‘The Spring Revolt’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., pp. 40–1

24
  Kropotkin to Georg Brandes,
Freedom
(October 1898), pp. 68–9

25
  
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 191

26
  ‘The Coming Revolution’,
Act for Yourselves: Articles from Freedom 1886–1907
, eds. Nicolas Walter & Heiner Becker (Freedom Press, 1988), p. 22

27
  
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 301

28
  
The Conquest of Bread
(1906) (Elephant Editions, 1985), p. 173n

29
Kropotkin to Max Nettlau (5 March 1902),
Selected Writings
, op. cit., p. 305

30
  Quoted by Woodcock & Avakumović,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 165

31
  
Modern Science and Anarchism
(1901) (Simian, n.d.), p. 5

32
  Quoted by Woodcock & Avakumović,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 256

33
  Kropotkin,
Mutual Aid
(1902) (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1939), p. 23

34
  Ibid., pp. 60–1

35
  Ibid., p. 230

36
  Ibid., p. 231

37
  Cf. Avrich, ‘Kropotkin’s Ethical Anarchism’, in
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 59

38
  
Anarchism and Anarchist Communism
, ed. Nicolas Walter (Freedom Press, 1987), p. 25

39
  Ibid., p. 30

40
  
Ethics: Origin and Development
(1922), ed. N. Lebedev (Dorchester: Prism Press, n.d.), p. 45

41
  Ibid., pp. 19–20

42
  ‘Anarchist Morality’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., p. 92

43
  Ibid., p. 109. For Kropotkin’s appreciation of Guyau, see
Ethics
, op. cit., pp. 322–31

44
  Kropotkin to Nettlau (5 March 1902),
Selected Writings
, op. cit., p. 297

45
  
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., pp. 31, 58

46
  Quoted by Woodcock & Avakumović,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 199

47
  
The State: Its Historic Role
, trans. Vemon Richards (Freedom Press, 1969), p. 12

48
  Ibid., p. 21

49
  
Act for Yourselves
, op. cit., p. 84

50
  
Conquest of Bread
, op. cit., p. 108

51
  Ibid., p. 110

52
  Goldman,
Living My Life
, op. cit., I, 253

53
  
The State
, op. cit., p. 10

54
  Ibid., pp. 35, 39

55
  Ibid., p. 52

56
  Quoted by Woodcock & Avakumović,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 307

57
  
Act for Yourselves
, op. cit., p. 38

58
  Malatesta, ‘Peter Kropotkin - Recollections and Criticism of an Old Friend’,
Malatesta: His Life & Ideas
, op. cit., p. 263

59
  
The State
, op. cit., p. 56

60
  
Conquest of Bread
, op. cit., p. 159;
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 28

61
  
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., p. 249;
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 27

62
  
Anarchism
, op. cit.p. 7

63
  Quoted by Woodcock & Avakumović,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 312

64
  
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 52

65
  Ibid., p. 43

66
  
Conquest of Bread
, op. cit., p. 45

67
  See
Anarchism in Socialist Evolution
(Freedom Press, pamphlet no. 7, n.d.), p. 13;
Act for Yourselves
, op. cit., p. 102

68
  
Conquest of Bread
, op. cit., p. 33

69
  Ibid., p. 103

70
  Ibid., pp. 108, 120

71
  Quoted by Woodcock & Avakumović,
Kropotkin
, op. cit., p. 321

72
  
Conquest of Bread
, op. cit., p. 183

73
  Ibid., pp. 128, 204

74
  Ibid., p. 124

75
  Ibid., p. 143

76
  Ibid., pp. 146–7

77
  Ibid., p. 148

78
  Ibid., pp. 154, 111, 117

79
  
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 53

80
  
Conquest of Bread
, op. cit., p. 189

81
  
Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow
, ed. Colin Ward (Allen & Unwin, 1974), p. 26

82
  Ibid., p. 197

83
  Ibid., pp. 194, 175

84
  Ibid., p. 178

85
  
Anarchist Communism
, op. cit., p. 33. Cf.
Fields, Factories and Workshops
, op. cit., pp. 77–9

86
  Kropotkin to Gustav Steffens,
Selected Writings
, op. cit., pp. 310–11

87
  Kropotkin to Jean Grave (November 1914), ‘Epilogue’,
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 304

88
  See Malatesta, ‘Anarchists have Forgotten their Principles’,
Freedom
(November 1914), and ‘Pro-government Anarchists’, ibid. (April 1916)

89
  Leon Trotsky,
History of the Russian Revolution
, trans. Max Eastman (New York, 1932), I, 75

90
  Avrich, ‘Kropotkin in America’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 85

91
  Kropotkin to Georg Brandes, April 1919,
Selected Writings
, op. cit., p. 320

92
  ‘Conversation with Lenin’, ibid., p. 330

93
  Avrich, ed.,
The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973), pp. 147–8

94
  Kropotkin to Lenin, 4 March 1920, ibid., pp. 336–7; 21 December 1920, ibid., p. 338. See also David Shub, ‘Kropotkin and Lenin’,
Russian Review
XII (1953), 227–34

95
  Quoted in ‘Epilogue’,
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 313

96
  ‘Letter to the Workers of the West’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., p. 253

97
  ‘What to Do?’, ibid., p. 258

98
  ‘Epilogue’,
Memoirs
, op. cit., p. 314

99
  Wilde,
De Profundis and Other Writings
, op. cit., p. 80

100
Avrich, ‘Kropotkin’s Ethical Anarchism’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 78

101
See Cahm,
Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Violence, 1872–1886
, op. cit., pp. 279–80

102
See John Hewetson, ‘Mutual Aid and Social Evolulution’,
Anarchy
, 55 (September 1965), 257–70

103
Malatesta,
Life and Ideas
, op. cit., p. 263

104
‘Modern Science and Anarchism’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
, op. cit., p. 152

105
See Ward’s edition of
Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow
, op. cit., where Kropotkin’s arguments are supported by recent data.

106
Mutual Aid
, op. cit., p. 233

1
    Quoted in Marie Fleming,
The Anarchist Way to Socialism: Elisée Reclus and Nineteenth-Century European Anarchism
(Croom Helm, 1979), p. 9

2
    Max Nettlau,
Elisée Reclus: La vida de un sabio justo y rebelde
(Barcelona, 1929), quoted in Fleming,
The Anarchist Way to Socialism
, op. cit., pp. 10–11

3
    Ibid., pp. 37, 39

4
    See Joseph Ishill,
Elisée Reclus and Elie Reclus: In Memoriam
(Berkeley Heights, 1927)

5
    Reclus, Preface to Leon Metchnikoff,
La Civilisation et les grands fleuves historiques
(Paris, 1889), p. xxvii. See also Fleming, ‘Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of a Natural Order: The Anarchism of Elisée Reclus’,
Social Anarchism
, II, I (1981), 19–35

6
    Reclus, Preface,
L’Homme et la terre
(Paris, 1905), I, iv

7
    Reclus,
L’Evolution légale et l’anarchie
(Paris: Bibliothèque des Temps Nouveaux, 1898), p. 14

8
    
Le Révolté
(17 October 1880)

9
    
Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne
(11 March 1877)

10
  Reclus,
L’Idéal et la jeunesse
(Paris: Editions de la Société Nouvelle, 1894), p. 3

11
  Reclus, ‘On Vegetarianism’,
The Humane Review
(January 1901)

12
  Reclus, ‘La Grande Famille’,
Magazine International
(January 1897), trans. Edward Carpenter as
The Great Kinship
(1900)

13
  
Le Révolté
(21 January 1882)

14
  Quoted in Fleming,
The Anarchist Way to Socialism
, op. cit., pp. 180, 210

15
  Reclus,
An Anarchist on Anarchy
(1894), p. 14

16
  Kropotkin, ‘Anarchist Morality’,
Revolutionary Pamphlets
op. cit., p. 92

17
  Reclus,
L’Evolution, la révolution, et l’idéal anarchique
(Paris: P. V. Stock, 1898), p. 15

18
  Ibid., p. 186. See also Reclus,
Evolution et révolution
(Paris: Publications de la Révolte, 1891), p. 10

19
  Reclus, Preface to Kropotkin’s,
La Conquěte du pain
(Paris, 1892). Reclus helped with the proofs and suggested the title of the work.

20
  Reclus,
L’Evolution, la révolution, et l’idéal anarchique
, op. cit., p. 143