Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (151 page)

28
  Ibid., Foreword

29
Nationalism and Culture
, op. cit., pp. 200–21

30
  Ibid., p. 213

31
  Ibid., p. 214

32
  Ibid., p. 81

33
  Ibid., pp. 342, 343

34
  Ibid., p. 529

35
  Ibid., p. 535

36
  Ibid., p. 86

37
  Ibid., p. 88

38
  
Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism
(Freedom Press, 1973), p. 11

39
  Ibid., pp. 14–15

40
  
Anarcho-syndicalism
(Secker & Warburg, 1938), p. 9

41
  Ibid., pp. 29, 33

42
  Ibid., p. 130

1
    Speech at Benares Hindu University, 6 February 1916, reprinted in M. K. Gandhi,
The Collected Works
(Delhi: Government of India, 1964), XIII, 214

2
    See Geoffrey Ostergaard, ‘Indian Anarchism: The Sarvodaya Movement’,
Anarchism Today
, op. cit., pp. 150–1

3
    Woodcock,
Gandhi
, op. cit., p. 7

4
    
Young India
(11 August 1920)

5
    For this aspect of Gandhi’s thought, see Joan V. Bondurant,
The Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959); Ostergaard, ‘Indian Anarchism’, op. cit., p. 156

6
    See Gandhi,
The Constructive Programme
(Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1945)

7
    Woodcock,
Gandhi
, op. cit., p. 86

8
    
Young India
(2 July 1931)

9
    Gandhi,
Sarvodaya
(Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1954), pp. 70–1

10
  Quoted in Woodcock,
Gandhi
, op. cit., p. 86

11
  Ibid., p. 90

12
  For the distinction between the two, see Joan Bondurant, ‘Satyagraha versus Duragraha’, in G. Ramachandran and T. K. Mahadevan, eds.,
Gandhi - His Relevance for our Times
(Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1964), and Epilogue to the new edition of her
Conquest of Violence
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988)

13
  Woodcock,
Gandhi
, op. cit., p. 95

14
  George Orwell, ‘Reflections on Gandhi’,
The Collected Essays
, op. cit., pp. 459–60

15
  Quoted by Ostergaard, ‘Indian Anarchism’, op. cit., p. 148

16
  See Ostergaard, ‘Resisting the Nation-State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Traditions’,
The Nation-State: The Formation of Modern Politics
, ed. Leonard Tivey (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981), p. 191

17
  See Bhikhu Parekh,
Gandhi’s Political Philosophy
(Macmillan, 1989). For the view that Gandhi remained an anarchist, see Ostergaard’s review of Parekh,
Bulletin of Anarchist Research
19 (December 1989), 22–3

1
    See Kropotkin,
The Great French Revolution
(Heinemann, 1909)

2
    Quoted by Albert Soboul,
Les Sam-Culottes parisiens en l’An II
(Paris, 1958), p. 411

3
    Quoted in Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., pp. 8–9

4
    Ibid.

5
    Quoted by Soboul,
Les Sans-Culottes parisiens en l’An II
, op. cit., p. 459

6
    Quoted by Alain Sergent and Claude Harmel,
Histoire de l’anarchie
(Paris, 1949), p. 59

7
    Kropotkin,
The Great French Revolution
, op. cit., p. 580

8
    
Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
op. cit., p. 88

9
    Ibid., p. 89

10
  Ibid., pp. 92, 95

11
  Ibid., p. 134, 166, 168, 182

12
  Bakunin,
Oeuvres
, op cit., IV, 252

13
  Quoted in Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., pp. 261–2

14
  
L’Humanisphère
was first published in series in
Le Libertaire
and then reprinted by Sébastien Faure in 1899.

15
  See Avrich, ‘The Paris Commune and its Legacy’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., pp. 229–39. For Michel, see Edith Thomas,
Louise Michel
, trans. Penelope Williams (Montréal: Black Rose Books, 1980)

16
  Quoted in C. Rihs,
La Commune de Paris: sa structure et ses doctrines
(Geneva, 1955), pp. 260–1

17
  Kropotkin,
Memoirs of a Revolutionist
, op. cit., p. 393. An article entitled ‘La propagande par le fait’ first appeared on 5 August 1877 in the
Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne
written by Brousse whilst he was a temporary editor in Guillaume’s absence.

18
  Quoted in David Stafford,
From Anarchism to Reformism: A Study of the Political Activities of Paul Brousse (1870–90)
(Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), p. 108

19
  Quoted in Avrich, ‘Paul Brousse: The Possibilist Anarchist’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 245

20
  
Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne
(30 April, 7 May 1876)

21
  Elisée Reclus, ‘A Propos de l’anarchie’,
Le Travailleur
(February - March 1878)

22
  See my ‘The Principal Conceptions of the State held by the Leading Anarchist Communists in France, 1880–1896’, MA thesis (University of Sussex, 1971)

23
  Jean Grave:
Le Mouement libertaire sous la troisième République
(Paris: Oeuvres Représentatives, 1930), p. 7

24
  Emile Henry, ‘A Terrorist’s Defence’,
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., p. 193. See also M. Fleming, ‘Propaganda by the Deed: Terrorism and Anarchist Theory in Late Ninteteenth Century Europe’,
Terrorism in Europe
, eds. Y. Alexander and K. A. Myers (Croom Helm, 1982); Miller,
Anarchism
, op. cit., pp. 115–21

25
  Octave Mirbeau,
Le Journal
(19 February 1894), quoted in Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 127

26
  Proudhon,
Du Principe de l’art et sa destination sociale
(Paris, 1865), p. 43

27
  Quoted in Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 150

28
  See Reg Carr,
Anarchism in France: The Case of Octave Mirbeau
(Manchester University Press, 1977), Appendix

29
  Quoted in Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 290

30
  See Richard Sonn,
Anarchism and Cultural Politics in Fin-de-siède France
(University of Nebraska Press, 1989)

31
  See Hans Richter,
Dada - Art and Anti-Art
(Thames and Hudson, 1965)

32
  
La Révolution Surréaliste
, 2 (1925)

33
  See G. D. H. Cole, ‘Marxism and Anarchism’,
A History of Socialist Thought
(1954) (Macmillan, 1974), II, 336

34
  Quoted in Rocker,
Anarcho-syndicalism
, op. cit., pp. 77–8

35
  Quoted in Maitron,
Histoire du mouvement anarchiste en France
, op. cit., p. 252

36
  Ibid., p. 261

37
  Georges Sorel,
Reflections on Violence
(1908), trans. T. E. Hulme and J.
Roth, intro. Edward A. Shils (Collier-Macmillan, 1969), pp. 50, 223

38
  See F. F. Ridley,
Revolutionary Syndicalism in France: The Direct Action of its Time
(Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 14

39
  Emile Pouget,
Les Bases du syndicalisme
(Paris: Bibliothèque Syndicaliste, n.d.), pp. 20–4

40
  See Maitron,
Histoire du mouvement anarchiste en France
, op. cit., p. 251

41
  Charter of Amiens, quoted in G. D. H. Cole,
The Second International, A History of Socialist Thought
, op. cit., III, 371

42
  
Congrès anarchiste tenu à Amsterdam
, op. cit., p. 19

43
  See Barbara Mitchell,
The Practical Revolutionaries: A New Interpretation of the French Anarchosyndicalists
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), pp. 10–11

44
  See Rocker,
Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism
, op. cit., p. 34; see also his
Anarcho-Syndicalism
, op. cit., ch. iv

45
  
Congrès anarchiste tenu à Amsterdam
, op. cit., quoted in
Anarchist Reader
, op. cit., pp. 214, 218

46
  Ibid., p. 46

47
  Ibid., pp. 223, 224

1
    See Carl Levy, ‘Italian Anarchism, 1870–1926,
For Anarchism: History, Theory and Practice
, ed. David Goodway (Routledge, 1989) p. 26

2
    Quoted in Hostetter,
The Italian Socialist Movement
, op. cit., p. 23

3
    See Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 309

4
    See Bakunin,
Mazzini’s Political Theology and the International
(1871)

5
    See Malatesta, Preface to Max Nettlau,
Bakunin e l’Internazionale in Italia del 1864 al 1872
(Geneva, 1928)

6
    
Compte rendu du VIIIème Congrès générale, Berne
(Berne, 1876), pp. 10, 97

7
    Quoted in Hostetter,
The Italian Socialist Movement
, op. cit., p. 368

8
    Quoted in Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 320

9
    Quoted in Hostetter,
The Italian Socialist Movement
, op. cit., p. 410

10
  See Levy, ‘Italian Anarchism’, op. cit., pp. 45, 75

11
  Ibid., p. 61

12
  Quoted in ibid., p. 73

1
    Pi y Margall,
Nationalities
, quoted in José Peirats,
What is the CNT?
(Simian, 1974), pp. 9–10

2
    See Bookchin,
The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years 1868–1936
(New York: Free Life Editions, 1977), pp. 21, 80–1

3
    Ibid., p. 8

4
    See J. Díaz del Moral’s massive
Historia de las agitaciones campesinas andaluzas
(Madrid, 1929)

5
    The religious interpretation of Spanish anarchism was first put forward by Juan Díaz del Moral in his
Historia de las agitacciones campesinas andaluzas
, op. cit., pp. 187–192. It was taken up by the British historians Gerald Brenan,
The Spanish Labyrinth
(New York: Macmillan, 1943), p. 157; E. J. Hobsbawm,
Primitive Rebels
(Manchester University Press, 1959), p. 84f.; Franz Borkenau,
The Spanish Cockpit
(Faber & Faber, 1937), p. 220. Brenan (p. 75) and Hobsbawm (p. 84) also suggest, on scanty evidence, that Spanish puritanism led to sexual abstinence during anarchist strikes. For a cogent and persuasive dismissal of the traditional view, see Temma Kaplan,
Anarchists of Andalucía (1869–1903)
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977) and Jerome R. Mintz,
The Anarchists of Casas Viejas
(Chicago University Press, 1982).

6
    See Bookchin,
The Spanish Anarchists
, op. cit., pp. 4–5