Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (152 page)

7
    Peirats,
What is the CNT?
, op. cit., p. 2

8
    Ibid., p. 12. See also Peirats’
La CNT
en la Revolución Española
(Toulouse, 1951); reprinted in
Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution
(Detroit: Black & Red, 1977)

9
    Peirats,
What is the CNT?
, op. cit., pp. 19–20

10
  See Juan Gomez Casas,
Anarchist Organization: The History of the FAI
, trans. A. Bluestein (Montréal: Black Rose Books, 1986), p. 16

11
  Robert W. Kern,
Red Years/Black Years: A Political History of Spanish Anarchism (1911–1937)
(Philadelphia: ISHI, 1978), p. 3

12
  Bookchin,
The Spanish Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 214

13
  Quoted in Kern,
Red Years/Black Years
, op. cit., p. 3

14
  See Mintz,
The Anarchists of Casas Viejas
, op. cit. Mintz agrees with Kaplan that Spanish anarchism was not fundamentally religious; he suggests that it makes more sense to see it as a ‘revitalization’ movement in the anthropological sense; ibid., pp. 3–4

15
  Peirats,
La CNT en la Revolutión Española
, op. cit., I, 109ff. See also Bookchin,
The Spanish Anarchists
, op. cit., pp. 290–5

16
  George Orwell,
New English Weekly
(29 July & 2 September 1937), reprinted in
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell
, eds. Sonia Orwell & Ian Angus (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), I, 307

17
  Quoted in Vernon Richards,
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution
(1953) (Freedom Press, 1983), p. 34

18
  Ibid., p. 35. As Richards points out, the concept of an ‘anarchist dictatorship’ is a contradiction in terms.

19
  Quoted by Richards,
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution
, op. cit., pp. 59–60

20
  See Orwell,
Homage to Catalonia
(1938) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), p. 61

21
  Orwell to Jack Common, October 1937,
The Collected Essays
, op. cit., I, 323

22
  See Orwell’s review of Mairin Mitchell’s
Spanish Rehearsal
in
Time and Tide
(11 December 1937) quoted in
The Collected Essays
, op. cit., I, 324

23
  Walter Gregory, in Walter Gregory, David Morris & Anthony Peters,
The Shallow Grave
(Gollancz, 1986)

24
  See Borkenau,
The Spanish Cockpit
, op. cit., p. 167

25
  See Pierre Broué and Emile Témine,
The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970); Gaston Leval,
Collectives in the Spanish Revolution
(Freedom Press, 1975); Sam Dolgoff, ed.,
The Anarchist Collectives: Workers’ Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution 1936–1939
(Montréal: Black Rose, 1974)

26
  See Hugh Thomas, ‘Anarchist Agrarian Collectives in the Spanish Civil War’, M. Gilbert, ed.,
A Century of Conflict 1850–1950
(Hamish Hamilton, 1966), pp. 253–7

27
  See Borkenau,
The Spanish Cockpit
, op. cit., pp. 90–1; Richards,
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution
, op. cit., pp. 110–11

28
  Quoted in Rocker,
Anarcho-syndicalism
, op. cit., p. 101n

29
Orwell,
Homage to Catalonia
, op. cit., p. 8

30
  See Liz Willis,
Women in the Spanish Revolution
(Solidarity Pamphlet, no. 48, 1975)

31
  
CNT
(5 September 1936), quoted by Burnett Bolloten,
The Grand Camouflage: The Communist Conspiracy in the Spanish Civil War
(New York, 1968), p. 156

32
  Quoted by Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 247

33
  
Solidaridad Obrera
(4 November 1936)

34
  Quoted in Richards,
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution
, op. cit., p. 159

35
  Ibid., p. 200

36
  The Friends of Durruti Group,
Towards a Fresh Revolution
(Barcelona, 1938) (Sanday, Orkney: Cienfuegos Press, 1978), p. 42. For Durruti, see Pai Ferrer,
Durruti
(Barcelona: Planeta, 1985)

37
  Quoted in Richards,
Lessons of the Spanish Revolution
, op. cit., p. 176

38
  See Gary Prevost, ‘Contemporary Spanish Anarchism’,
Social Anarchism
, II, 2 (1982), 22–32

39
  See P. Mailer,
Portugal: The Impossible
Revolution
(Solidarity, 1977); Hugo Gil Ferreira & Michael W. Marshall,
Portugal’s Revolution: Ten Years On
(Cambridge University Press, 1986)

1
    See Avrich, ‘V. M. Eikhenbaum (Volin): the Man and His Book’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 126

2
    Quoted in Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 83

3
    See also Volin [Vsevolod Mikhailovitch Eikhenbaum],
The Unknown Revolution (1917–1921)
(New York, 1955), the most important anarchist history of the Russian Revolution.

4
    Quoted in Daniel & Gabriel Cohn-Bendit,
Obsolete Communism: The Left-Wing Alternative
, trans. Arnold Pomerans (André Deutsch, 1968), pp. 218–19

5
    Lenin,
The State and Revolution
, op. cit., pp. 62, 124

6
    Jacques Sadoul, report dated 6 April 1918,
Notes sur la révolution bolchévique
(Paris, 1919), pp. 286–7

7
    Quoted in Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 172

8
    Quoted in Avrich, ‘Nestor Makhno: The Man and the Myth’,
Anarchist Portraits
, op. cit., p. 112

9
    Quoted in Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 99

10
  Quoted in David Footman,
Civil War in Russia
(Faber & Faber, 1961), p. 284. See also Peter Arshinov,
History of the Makhnovist Movement (1918–1921)
(Detroit: Black & Red, 1974)

11
  See Nestor Makhno,
La Révolution russe en Ukraine
(Paris, 1927). See also Michael Palij,
The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918–1921
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976); Michael Malet,
Nestor Makhno and the Russian Civil War
(Macmillan, 1982)

12
  See A. Souchy,
Wie lebt der Arbeiter und der Beuer in Russland und in der Ukraine
(Berlin, n.d.), Preface

13
Quoted in Cohn-Bendit,
Obsolete Communism
, op. cit., p. 226

14
  Alexander Berkman,
The Bolshevik Myth
(1925), pp. 90–1

15
  Quoted in Rocker,
Anarcho-syndicalism
, op. cit., pp. 96–7; Guérin,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 106

16
  Quoted in Woodcock & Avakumović,
The Anarchist Prince
, op. cit., p. 430

17
  See Paul Avrich,
Kronstadt 1921
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970); see also Victor Serge’s testimony,
Kronstadt ‘21
(Solidarity pamphlet, n.d.) and his
Memoirs of a Revolutionary 1901–1941
(New York, 1967)

18
  Quoted in Voline,
Nineteen-Seventeen: The Russian Revolution Betrayed
(New York: Libertarian Book Club, 1954), p. 154

19
  Berkman,
The Bolshevik Myth
, op. cit., p. 319

20
  See Gaston Leval, ‘Choses de Russie’,
Le Libertaire
(11–18 November 1921)

21
  Rocker,
Anarcho-syndicalism
, op. cit., p. 27

22
  See
Notes sur l’anarchisme en URSS de 1921 à nos jours
(Paris: Les Cahiers du Vent du Chemin, 1983)

1
    Bakunin to Arnold Ruge (19 January 1843), in Bakunin,
Oeuvres
, op. cit., III, 176–7

2
    Richard Wagner,
Kurstwerk der Zukunft
(1850), quoted in Andrew Carlson,
Anarchism in Germany, I: The Early Movement
(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1972), pp. 16–17

3
    Quoted by Johann Most, ‘Der Anarchie’,
Internationale Bibliotkek
(1888)

4
    Joll,
The Anarchists
, op. cit., p. 122

5
    Carlson,
Anarchism in Germany
, op. cit., p. 191

6
    Rocker,
Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism
, op. cit., p. 44

7
    Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis,
Le Socialisme en danger
(Paris: Stock, 1897), p. 115

8
    Bart de Ligt,
The Conquest of Violence
, op. cit., pp. 84, 109

9
    Rudolf de Jong, ‘Provos and Kabouters’,
Anarchism Today
, op. cit., p. 173

10
  Ibid., p. 177

11
  John Milton,
Paradise Lost
(1667), X, 283–4,
Poetical Works
, ed. Douglas Bush (Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 405

12
  See
The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary

13
  Paine,
Rights of Man
, op. cit., p. 187

14
  Godwin,
Anarchist Writings
, op. cit., p. 169

15
  Ibid., p. 162

16
  Quoted in my
William Godwin
, op. cit., pp. 232, 215

17
  See John Quail,
The Slow Burning Fuse: The Lost History of the British Anarchists
(Paladin, 1978), pp. 4–5

18
  Ibid., pp. 22, 31

19
  Ibid., pp. 37–8, 67, 145

20
  See
Freedom: A Hundred Years, October 1886 to October 1986
(Freedom Press, 1986)

21
  See William J. Fishman,
East End Jewish Radicals 1875–1914
(Duckworth, 1975) and Hermia Oliver,
The International Anarchist Movement in Late Victorian England
(Croom Helm, 1983)

22
  See Rudolf Rocker,
The London Years
, op. cit., abridged from the Yiddish edition

23
  Quail,
The Slow Burning Fuse
, op. cit., p. 263

24
  
The Miners’ Next Step
(Tonypandy, 1912)

25
  See R. J. Holton,
British Syndicalism, 1900–1914
(Pluto Press, 1975)

26
  See Albert Meltzer,
The Anarchists in London 1935–1955
(Sanday, Orkney: Cienfuegos Press, 1976)

27
  See
Anarchy
, 12 (February 1962), 50–7

28
  See Greil Marcus,
Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century
(Secker & Warburg, 1989), pp. 440–1

29
  See Stewart Home,
The Assault on Culture: Utopian Currents from Lettrisme to Class War
(Aphoria Press and Unpopular Books, 1988), pp. 95–101

1
    Quoted in De Leon,
The American as Anarchist
, op. cit., p. 16

2
    Ibid., pp. 19–20

3
    Paine,
Common Sense
, op. cit., p. 65

4
    Quoted in
Patterns of Anarchy
, op. cit., p. xv

5
    De Leon,
The American as Anarchist
, op. cit., p. 53

6
    Quoted in Woodcock,
Anarchism
, op. cit., p. 47

7
    See James J. Martin,
Men against the State
, op. cit.; William O. Reichert,
Partisans of Freedom: A Study in American Anarchism
(Bowling Green, Ohio, 1976)