Democracy of Sound (53 page)

35
. Ibid., 221.

36
. Manuel Castells,
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume III: End of Millennium
(Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1998), 72.

37
. Larkin,
Signal and Noise
, 217.

38
. David Edward Agnew, “Reform in the International Protection of Sound Recordings: Upsetting the Delicate Balance between Authors, Performers and Producers or Pragmatism in the Age of Digital Piracy,”
Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal
219 (1992): 227.

39
. “Contracting Parties: Phonogram Convention,”
World Intellectual Property Organization
,
http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=18
, accessed January 5, 2009.

40
. Seth Faison, “Razors, Soap, Cornflakes: Pirating Spreads in China,”
New York Times
, February 17, 1995, A; see also Shujen Wang and Jonathan Zhu, “Mapping Film Piracy in China,”
Theory, Culture, and Society
20 (2003): 97–125.

41
. Davies,
Piracy of Phonograms
, 66–7.

42
. Malcolm Anderson,
Policing the World: Interpol and the Politics of International Police Co-operation
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Fenton S. Bresler,
Interpol
(London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992).

43
. Lars Brandle, “Interpol Pledges Aid against Global Piracy,”
Billboard
, November 18, 2000, 47.

44
. Denis de Freitas, “Some Recent Developments in the United Kingdom in the Field of Copyright,”
International Business Lawyer
6 (1978): 508–9.

45
. Davies,
Piracy of Phonograms
, 17.

46
. De Freitas, “Some Recent Developments in the United Kingdom,” 510.

47
. Davies,
Piracy of Phonograms
, 125–7.

48
. Ibid., 126.

49
. Ibid.

50
. Steven Erlanger, “Thailand Is the Capital of Pirated Tapes,”
New York Times
, November 27, 1990, C15.

51
. UK Anti-Piracy Group,
International Piracy
, 24–5.

52
. Erlanger, “Thailand Is the Capital of Pirated Tapes,” C15.

53
. UK Anti-Piracy Group,
International Piracy
, 12.

54
. Ibid., 32.

55
. “Singapore Lays Down the Law,”
Economist
, March 2, 1985, 66.

56
. Eduardo Lachica, “U.S. Companies Curb Pirating of Some Items but by No Means All,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 16, 1989, A1; “Run on Tapes in Indonesia,”
New York Times
, May 31, 1988, D12.

57
. Lachica, “U.S. Companies Curb Pirating,” A8.

58
. Ibid., A1–A8; Fenby,
Piracy and the Public
, 70, 116–9.

59
. Lachica, “U.S. Companies Curb Pirating,” A1.

60
. International Intellectual Property Alliance, “IIPA Fact Sheet,” September 2007, 1.

61
. Charan Devereaux, Robert Z. Lawrence, and Michael D. Watkins,
Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation, Vol. 1: Making the Rules
(Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2006), 73.

62
. Devereaux,
Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation
, 47.

63
. Autar Krishen Koul,
Guide to the WTO and GATT: Economics, Law, and Politics
(The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2005), 21.

64
. Lachica, “U.S. Companies Curb Pirating,” A1.

65
. John Parry, “5 Nations Block U.S. Move to Include Services in Talks,”
Washington Post
, September 27, 1985, E8; Braga, “Trade-Related Intellectual Property Issues,” 384, 405.

66
. Devereaux,
Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation
, 37.

67
. Koul,
Guide to the WTO and GATT
, 28.

68
. “Whose Idea Is It Anyway?”
Economist
, November 12, 1988, 73; Duncan Matthews,
Globalising Intellectual Property Rights: The TRIPs Agreement
(New York: Routledge, 2002), 39; “‘Dunkel Draft’ Could Be Basis of New GATT Pact on Int’l Trade,”
Manila Standard
, January 18, 1992, 17.

69
. De Freitas, “Some Recent Developments in the United Kingdom,” 510; Devereaux,
Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation
, 64–5.

70
. Matthews,
Globalising Intellectual Property Rights
, 41.

71
. Devereaux,
Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation
, 71.

72
. Carlos A. Primo Braga, “Trade-Related Intellectual Property Issues: The Uruguay Round Agreement and Its Economic Implications,” in
The Uruguay Round and the Developing Economies
, ed. Will Martin and L. Alan Winters (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995), 394.

73
. Braga, “Trade-Related Intellectual Property Issues,” 386–90; Edward Samuels,
The Illustrated Story of Copyright
(New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2000), 48, 92.

74
. I. Gopalakrishnan, “Delhi Playing for Time on GATT,”
India Abroad
, January 24, 1992, 20.

75
. Braga, “Trade-Related Intellectual Property Issues,” 394–5.

76
. Bernard Weinraub, “Clinton Spared Blame by Hollywood Officials,”
New York Times
, December 16, 1993, D1.

77
. William Safire, “Hold that GATT,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1993, A31.

78
. Devereaux,
Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation
, 73.

79
. Telephone interview with George Stephanopolous, April 11, 2008.

80
. Frederik Balfour, “Underground Music,”
Far Eastern Economic Review
, May 6, 1993, 52.

81
. Balfour, “Underground Music,” 52.

82
. “Skull and CD,”
Economist
, December 23, 1995, 78.

83
. Ibid.

84
. International Intellectual Property Alliance, “2004 Special 301 Report: Pakistan,”
http://www.iipa.com/rbc/2004/2004SPEC301PAKISTAN.pdf
, accessed August 3, 2005.

85
. Jonas Baes, “Toward a Political Economy of the ‘Real’: Music Piracy and the Phillippine Cultural Imaginary,” March 17, 2002,
http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/mpi/conference/Baes.htm
, accessed November 5, 2004.

86
. David Gonzalez, “Pressed by Music Industry, New York Seizes Pirate Tapes,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1990, 46.

87
. Harvey,
Condition of Postmodernity
, 165–6.

Conclusion

1
. James Plafke, “Limewire Is Being Sued for up to $75 Trillion Dollars, Judge Thinks It’s ‘Absurd,’”
Geekosystem
, March 23, 2011,
http://www.geekosystem.com/limewire-sued-75-trillion
/, accessed May 5, 2011;
Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC
, 784 F. Supp. 2d 313 (2011).

2
.
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc
., 239 F.3d 1004 (2001);
MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd
. 545 U.S. 913 (2005); Victor Li, “Manhattan Federal Judge Kimba Wood Calls Record Companies’ Request for $75 Trillion in Damages ‘Absurd’ in Lime Wire Copyright Case,”
Law.com
Corporate Counsel
, March 15, 2011,
http://www.law.com/jsp/cc/PubArticleCC.jsp?id=1202486102650&Manhattan_Federal_Judge_Kimba_Wood_Calls_Record_Companies_Request_for__Trillion_in_Damages_Absurd_in_Lime_Wire_Copyright_Case
, accessed March 25, 2011.

3
.
Capitol Records, Inc. v. Naxos of America, Inc
., 830 N.E. 2d 250 (NY 2005); Brendan Scott, “Some Notes on
Capitol Records, Inc. v. Naxos of America Inc
.,”
Groklaw
, April 13, 2005,
http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20050412225604578
, accessed November 24, 2012.

4
. Michael Smith, “Gotta Fight for Your Right to Perform: Scope of New York Common Law Copyright for Pre-1972 Recordings Post-Naxos,”
Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review
30 (2010): 590–4.

5
. Ibid., 590; “The Sound of Silence,”
Economist
, June 21, 2011,
http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/06/sound-recordings
, accessed June 22, 2011; for the federal statute ending common law rights in 2067, see 17 USC § 301 (c).

6
. Greg Kot,
Ripped: How the Wired Generation Revolutionized Music
(New York: Scribner, 2009), 28.

7
. Dead Kennedys,
In God We Trust, Inc
. (Alternative Tentacles, 1981).

8
. Edward Samuels,
The Illustrated Story of Copyright
. (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2000), 92.

9
.
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc
., 464 U.S. 417 (1984).

10
. Steven Levy, “The Noisy War over Napster,”
Newsweek
, July 5, 2000, 46–53; Spencer E. Ante, “Inside Napster,”
Business Week
, August 14, 2000, 112–20.

11
. Tiziana Terranova, “Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy,”
Social Text
18 (2000): 48–9; Andreas M. Kaplan and Michael Haenlein, “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media,”
Business Horizons
53 (2010): 59–60.

12
. Yochai Benkler,
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 196–204, 369–71.

13
. Lanier Saperstein, “Copyrights, Criminal Sanctions, and Economic Rents: Applying the Rent-Seeking Model to the Criminal Law Formulation Process,”
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
87 (1997): 1471–2.

14
.
Congressional Record
, 105 Cong., 2nd sess., Oct. 7, 1998, 9952.

15
. Doug Bedell, “Professor Says Disney, Other Firms Typify What’s Wrong with Copyrights,”
Dallas Morning News
, March 14, 2002, 3D; Jeet Heer, “Free Mickey!”
Boston Globe
, September 28, 2003,
http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/09/28/free_mickey
/, accessed May 14, 2011.

16
. Joanna Demers,
Steal This Music: How Intellectual Property Law Affects Musical Creativity
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006); Lawrence Lessig,
The Future of Ideas: The
Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
(New York: Vintage, 2001); Siva Vaidhyanathan,
Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity
(New York: New York University Press, 2001).

17
. “Be HIP at the Movies,”
Intellectual Property Office of Singapore
, July 27, 2004,
http://www.ipos.gov.sg/topNav/news/pre/2004/Launch+of+anti+piracy+movie+trailer.htm
, accessed June 2, 2011; Motion Picture Association of America, “Piracy—It’s a Crime,”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmZm8vNHBSU
, accessed June 2, 2011.

18
.
International News Service v. Associated Press
, 248 U.S. 215 (1918), 250.

19
.
Grand Upright Music, Ltd v. Warner Bros. Records Inc
., 780 F. Supp. 182 (S.D.N.Y. 1991);
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music
, 510 U.S. 569 (1994).

20
. “New Rap Song Samples ‘Billie Jean’ in Its Entirety, Adds Nothing,”
Onion
, September 23, 1997,
http://www.theonion.com/articles/new-rap-song-samples-billie-jean-in-its-entirety-a,4389
/.

21
. Lynne A. Greenberg, “The Art of Appropriation: Puppies, Piracy, and Post-Modernism,”
Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal
11 (1992): 14–16; C. Jill O’Bryan,
Carnal Art: Orlan’s Refacing
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), 78; Kenneth Goldsmith,
Day
(New Barrington, MA: The Figures, 2003).

22
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Prohibiting Piracy of Sound Recordings: Hearings on S. 646 and H.R. 6927
, 92nd Cong., 1 sess., 1971, 28.

23
. Harvey,
Condition of Postmodernity
, 155–6; Taiichi Ohno,
Toyota Production System
(New York: Productivity Press, 1988), 4.