Read Democracy of Sound Online
Authors: Alex Sayf Cummings
Tags: #Music, #Recording & Reproduction, #History, #Social History
24
. Tim Quirk, “The Quiet Revolution,”
Rhapsody: The Mix
, April 22, 2010,
http://blog.rhapsody.com/2010/04/the-quiet-revolution.html
, accessed May 6, 2011.
25
. Chris Anderson, “The Long Tail,”
Wired
, October 2004, 170–7; Eben Moglen, “Freeing the Mind: Free Software and the Death of Proprietary Culture,” June 29, 2003,
http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/maine-speech.pdf
, 3, accessed July 19, 2011.
26
. Judith Stein,
Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 277; James Boyle,
Shamans, Software and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information Society
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 1.
27
. “The Information Revolution,”
New York Times
, May 23, 1965, section 11, 1; Greg Downey, “Commentary: The Place of Labor in the History of Information-Technology Revolutions,” in
Uncovering Labour in Information Revolutions, 1750–2000
, ed. Aad Blok and Greg Downey (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 228; Manuel Castells,
The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Volume 1
(Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1996), 21; Marc Uri Porat,
The Information Economy: Definition and Measurement
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1977), 18.
28
. Adam Arvidsson,
Brands: Meaning and Value in Media Culture
(New York: Routledge, 2006), 6.
29
. Jonathan Fuerbringer, “Slow Unemployment Decline Foreseen by Job Experts,”
New York Times
, October 17, 1982, CNE1.
30
. House Committee on the Judiciary,
Copyright/Cable Television: Hearings on H.R. 1805, Part 2
, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., 1982, 1568.
31
. Information Infrastrucure Task Force,
Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights
(Washington, DC: Information Infrastrucure Task Force, 1995), 10.
32
. Kim Phillips-Fein has explored the sometimes uneasy alliance between the religious and corporate wings of the conservative movement in her
Invisible Hands: The Businessmen’s Crusade against the New Deal
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 231. Barlow’s life illustrates that the conservative and countercultural visions were not totally separate; before founding the EFF, he was a committed libertarian and Republican activist, even working on Dick Cheney’s congressional campaign in the late 1970s before eventually breaking with the GOP; see Bruce P. Montgomery,
Richard B. Cheney and the Rise of the Imperial Vice Presidency
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2009), 61–2; “John Perry Barlow: Biography,”
European Graduate School
, July 19, 2011,
http://www.egs.edu/faculty/john-perry-barlow/biography
/, accessed on July 19, 2011.
33
. On neoliberalism, see David Harvey,
A Brief History of Neoliberalism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005) and Downey, “Commentary,” 230; for critiques of the paradigm, see Nick Gillespie, “Bush Was a Big-Government Disaster,”
Reason
, January 26, 2009, and Daniel Ben-Ami, “The Malthusians who Masquerade as Marxists,”
Spiked
, April 2011,
http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/reviewofbooks_article/10464
, accessed September 1, 2011.
34
. Noam Chomsky, “Rollback,”
Z Magazine
, January–May 1995,
http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199505–.htm
, accessed September 1, 2011; Heather Ann Thompson, “Why Mass Incarceration Matters: Rethinking Crisis, Decline, and Transformation in Postwar American History,”
Journal of American History
97 (2010): 709.
35
. David Garland,
The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 98; Eric Schlosser,
Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 215; Thompson, “Why Mass Incarceration Matters,” 703–4.
36
. Thomas J. Lueck, “Police Name the Officer Who Killed African Man,”
New York Times
, May 25, 2003; Barbara Ross, “Trial Stakes High for Widow, Cop,”
New York Daily News
, February 6, 2005, 10.
37
. Lawrence Lessig,
Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy
(London: Bloomsbury, 2008), xvii; available online at
http://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix
, accessed June 29, 2011.
38
. Sarah N. Lynch, “An American Pastime: Smoking Pot,”
Time
, July 11, 2008,
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1821697,00.html
, accessed July 1, 2011.
39
. For a contemporary example, see Christopher Craig Latson, “Contemporary Pirates: An Examination of the Perspectives and Attitudes toward the Technology, Progression, and Battles That Surround Modern Day Music Piracy in Colleges and Universities” (MA thesis, University of North Texas, 2004): 26, 61–2.
40
. Keith Roe, “Music and Identity among European Youth,” in
Music, Culture and Society in Europe
, ed. Paul Rutten (Brussels: European Music Office, 1996), 85–97.
41
. William Howland Kenney,
Recorded Music in American Life: The Phonograph and Popular Memory, 1890–1945
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 3; see also Evan Eisenberg,
The Recording Angel: Music, Records, and Culture from Aristotle to Zappa
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005).
42
. “Arguments before the Committee on Patents, May 2, 1906,” in
Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act, Volume 4
, ed. E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman (South Hackensack, NJ: Fred B. Rothman, 1976), 15.
43
. David Suisman,
Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in American Music
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 59–75; Russell Sanjek,
American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years, Volume III
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 33.
44
. Alex Veiga, “File-sharing Case Worries Indie Artists,”
USA Today
, March 25, 2005,
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techpolicy/2005-03-25-indie-file-sharing_x.htm
, accessed March 23, 2011; Jeff Leeds, “The Net Is a Boon for Indie Labels,”
New York Times
, December 27, 2005, E1.
45
. Sudip Bhattacharjee, Ram D. Gopal, Kaveepan Lertwachara, James R. Marsden, and Rahul Telang, “The Effect of Digital Sharing Technologies on Music Markets: A Survival Analysis of Albums on Ranking Charts,”
Management Science
53 (2007): 1359–74.
46
. Ibid., 1372; see also Heather Green, “Kissing Off the Big Music Labels,”
Business Week
, September 6, 2004,
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_36/b3898114_mz063.htm
, accessed March 23, 2011; and Peter Spellman,
Indie Power: A Business-Building Guide for Record Labels, Music Production Houses, and Merchant Musicians
(Boston: MBS Business Media, 2006).
47
. Bruce Fries and Marty Fries,
Digital Audio Essentials: A Comprehensive Guide to Creating, Recording, Editing, and Sharing Music and Other Audio
(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2005), 72–3; “EAT’M Working with
MP3.com
,”
CMJ New Music Report
, June 29, 1999, 29; on typical recording artist royalties, see Christopher Knab and Bartley F. Day,
Music Is Your Business: The Musician’s FourFront Strategy for Success
(Seattle, WA: FourFront Media and Music, 2007), 108.
48
. Glenn Peoples, “Spotify Is Finally Available in the US—Now What?” July 14, 2011,
Billboard.biz
,
http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/spotify-isfinally-available-in-the-u-s-1005278192
.story, accessed July 19, 2011; Casey Johnston, “Eager to Share, but Doesn’t Quite Know How: Hands on with Spotify,”
Ars Technica
, July 19, 2011,
http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/reviews/2011/07/nothing-wrong-with-free-hands-on-with-spotify.ars
, accessed July 19, 2011.
49
. For a good overview of the service concept, see Stephen A. Herzenberg, John A. Alic, and Howard Wial,
New Rules for a New Economy: Employment and Opportunity in a Postindustrial America
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 21–2; for the information economy, see Christopher May,
The Information Society: A Sceptical View
(Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002), 3–18.
50
. Benkler,
Wealth of Networks
, 55; Jeffrey Pepper Rodgers,
Rock Troubadours
(San Anselmo, CA: String Letter Publishing, 2000), 163–4.
51
. Herbie Hancock, preface to John Alderman,
Sonic Boom: Napster, MP3 and the New Pioneers of Music
(Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2001), xviii.
52
. Ben Krakow, “Hail to the Thief: Music Blogs and the Propagation of New Music” (unpublished senior thesis, Vassar College, 2009).
53
. Information Infrastrucure Task Force,
Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights
(Washington, DC: Information Infrastrucure Task Force, 1995), 10.
54
. James Boyle,
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 42.
55
. Jack Temple Kirby,
The Countercultural South
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 39–42.
56
. Boyle,
Public Domain
, 35.
2 Live Crew,
205
999 Uses of the Tape Recorder
,
88
A&M Records v. MVC Distributing
(1978),
141
A&M Records,
142
ABC (American Broadcasting Company),
48
,
69
,
127
Abeles, Julian,
122
Acuff-Rose,
205
Adderley, Cannonball,
78
Adorno, Theodor,
133
Aeolian,
28
AFM (American Federation of Musicians),
36
,
127
,
131
,
139
Aftermath Records,
170
AGAC (American Guild of Authors and Composers),
121
All Boro Records and Tapes,
141
Allison, Roy F.,
72
“Alone Again, Naturally” (Gilbert O’Sullivan),
205
Amazing Kornyfone label,
102
–3,
105
,
153
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists,
147
American Talking Machine Company,
13
Anchor label,
50
Anderson, Chris,
209
Anthology
(The Beatles),
105
Apocalypse Now
,
182
Apollo Company.
See White-Smith v. Apollo
(1908)
Apple Corps label,
100
appropriation art,
162
,
172
,
205
–6
Armour Research Company,
68
Armstrong, Louis,
40
,
55
–7,
110
,
176
ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers),
44
–5,
132
,
187
Associated Press (AP).
See International News Service v. Associated Press
(1919)
Association of American Publishers,
191
Atari,
180
Auld, Sam,
83
–4
Australia,
59
,
60
(fig.),
179
(fig.),
182
,
186
authenticity,
30
–1,
40
,
106
–7,
196
Author’s League,
123
“Autograph, The” (J. Cole),
1
Axelrod, Robert,
160
Babytone recorder,
42