21.
Ibid. i. 30, pp. 86–7.
Mons Iovis, c.25 November
AD
753
22.
C. Bayet, ‘Remarques sur le caractère et les conséquences du voyage d’Étienne III en France’,
Revue historique
, 20 (1882), 88–105.
23.
J. N. D. Kelly,
The Oxford Dictionary of Popes
(Oxford, 1988), 91–2.
24.
Abbé L. Duchesne (ed.),
Le Liber Pontificate: texte, introduction et commentaire
(Paris, 1884), 440 ff.;
Étude sur le Liber Pontificate
(Paris, 1877).
25.
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (ed.),
The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with
Continuations
(London, 1960).
26.
Liber Pontificalia
447.
27.
Ibid.
28.
The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar
, 104.
29.
Ibid. 109.
CHAPTER V
1.
Thomas Hobbes,
Leviathan
, 4,47.
2.
Quoted by Donald Bullough,
The Age of Charlemagne
(London, 1965), 13.
3.
Ibid. ch. 4, ‘A Court of Scholars and the Revival of Learning’.
4.
Oman, op. cit. p. 382.
5.
Shakespeare,
Macbeth
, v. v. 19–28.
6.
F. L. Ganshof,
Qu’est-ce que la féodalité?
(Brussels, 1944); trans, as
Feudalism
(London, 1952), p. xx.
7.
Hugh Trevor-Roper,
The Rise of Christian Europe
(London, 1966), 96.
8.
Lynn White, Jr.,
Mediaeval Technology and Social Change
(Oxford, 1961), 14–28.
9.
A 9th-cent. investiture described in the 12th cent.
Chanson de Saisnes
, or
Saxenleid
, of Jean Bodel of Arras; quoted by Ganshof,
Feudalism
, 126; see Jacques Le Goff, ‘The Symbolic Ritual of Vassalage’, in
Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages
(Chicago, 1980), 237–87.
10.
C. Seignobos,
The Rise of European Civilization
(London, 1939), 128.
11.
N. Brussel,
L’Usage général des fiefs en France
(1727), i. 3; quoted by J. H. Robinson,
Readings in European History
(Boston, 1904), i. 178.
12.
Eric Fromm,
The Fear of Freedom
(London, 1942), 34.
13.
Marc Bloch, ‘Les Deux âges féodaux’, in
La Société féodale: la formation des liens de
dépendance
(Paris, 1949), 95–7.
14.
P. Skwarczyński, ‘The Problem of Feudalism in Poland’,
Slavonic and East European Review
, 34 (1956), 292–310.
15.
F. Tout,
The Empire and the Papacy, 918–1273
(London, 1921).
16.
C. W. Previté-Orton,
Shorter Cambridge Mediaeval History
(Cambridge, 1952), i. 368.
17.
From Liutprand,
Antapadoseos, vi
, in
Monumenta Germaniae Historiae
, quoted by Robinson,
Readings in European History
, i. 340–3.
18.
See Zbigniew Dobrzyński,
Obrzadek Słowiański w dawnej Polsce
(3 vols., Warsaw, 1989).
19.
Relacja Ibrahim Ibn Jakuba z podróży do krajów słowiańskich w przekładzie Al Bekriego
, ed. T. Kowalski (Cracow, 1946); quoted by Davies,
God’s Playground
, i. 3–4.
20.
See Otto Hoetzsch,
The Evolution of Russia
(London, 1966), 17.
21.
The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám
, trans. Edward Fitzgerald (1859; ed. G. F. Maine, London, 1954), quatrains 1, 11, 49.
22.
See H. F. B. Lynch,
Armenia: travels and studies
, 2 vols. (London, 1901, repr. 1990); also M. Chahin,
The Kingdom of Armenia
(London, 1987).
23.
Shota Rustaveli, trans. M. J. Wardrop as
The Man in the Panther Skin
(London, 1912). On Georgia see W. E. D. Allen,
A History of the Georgian People …to the Russian Conquest
(London, 1932); D. M. Lang,
The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy
,
1652–1832
(London, 1957); and R. G. Suny,
The Making of the Georgian Nation
(London, 1988).
24.
Henri Pirenne,
Economic and Social History of Mediaeval Europe
(New York, 1956), 51.
25.
J.-B. Duroselle,
Histoire du catholicisme
, 55.
26.
From
The Confession of Golias
composed by Hugh, a follower of Archbishop Reinald of Cologne and known as ‘the Archpoet’; text in M. Manitius,
Die Gedichte des Archpoeta
(Munich, 1913), 24–9; quoted by Charles Homer Haskins,
The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
(Cambridge, Mass., 1927), 182.
27.
Bernard de Ventadour, quoted by R. Pernoud,
Aliénor d’Aquitaine
(Paris, 1965), trans. Peter Wiles as
Eleanour of Aquitaine
(London, 1967), 102.
28.
Jean, Sire de Joinville,
Livre des saintes paroles et bons faits de notre roi, Saint Louis
, quoted by A. Lagarde and L. Michard,
Le Moyen âge
(Paris, 1962), 123–32.
29.
Gibbon,
Decline and Fall
, ch. 48.
30.
Jacques Le Goff,
La Civilisation médiévale de l’Occident
(Paris, 1965), 98.
31.
Norman Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium
(London, 1970), 61,64.
32.
See Jonathan Riley-Smith,
The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277
(London, 1973).
33.
Ernie Bradford,
The Great Betrayal: Constantinople 1204
(London, 1967).
34.
The Oxford Book of Prayer
, ed. G. Appleton (Oxford, 1985), no. 217.
35.
Edmund Holmes,
The Albigensian or Catharist Heresy
(London, 1925); republished as
The Holy Heretics: The Story of the Albigensian Crusade
(London, 1948). See also J. Madaule,
The Albigensian Crusade
(London, 1967); Z. Oldenbourg,
Massacre at Montségur
(London, 1961).
36.
Eric Christiansen,
The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier
,
1100–1525
(London, 1980), 53.
37.
Ibid. 92.
38.
Ibid. 85.
39.
The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian
, introduction by John Masefield (London, 1908), 413.
40.
White,
Mediaeval Technology and Social Change
, 40.
41.
Georges Duby,
The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century
(London, 1974).
42.
Jean Gimpel,
The Mediaeval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages
(London, 1977), 100. [There was a charioteer’s strike in Rome under Nero.]
Schiedam,
AD
1265
43.
J. G. Kruisheer (ed.),
Oorkondenboek van Holland en Zeeland tot 1299
(Maastricht, 1992), iii. 1305.
44.
Ibid. 1528.
45.
W. G. Brill (ed.),
Rijmkronik van Melis Stoke
(Utrecht, 1885), iv. 55–6.
46.
See N. Denholm-Young,
Richard of Cornwall
(Oxford, 1947).
47.
T. Wright (ed.),
The Political Songs of England from the Reign of King John to that of
Edward II
(London, 1839), 69.
48.
Ibid. 59–63.
49.
P. A. Meilink (ed.),
Het Archief van de Abdij van Egmond
(The Hague, 1951), ii, ‘Regestenlijst 889–1436’, no. 83 (1265) 13 July.
50.
Lord Bryce,
The Holy Roman Empire
(London, 1875), 213.
51.
See W. G. Heeres
et al
. (eds.),
From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350–1850
(Hilversum, 1988).
52.
G. J. Renier,
The Criterion of Dutch Nationhood: An Inaugural Lecture at University College, London, 4 June 1945
(London, 1946), 16–17.
CHAPTER VI
1.
Johan Huizinga,
The Waning of the Middle Ages
(1924; London, 1955), 30.
2.
Ibid. 10.
3.
Ibid. 26.
4.
‘The Advent of the New Form’, ibid. 334.
5.
R. Lodge,
The Close of the Middle Ages
(London, 1920), 496.
6.
Steven Runciman, ‘The Rising Sultanate’, in
The Fall of Constantinople, 1453
(Cambridge, 1965), 31.
7.
Quoted by Richard Pipes,
Russia under the Old Regime
(London, 1975), 62.
8.
See Gabriel Jackson,
The Making of Mediaeval Spain
(London, 1972).
9.
Bryce, op. cit., p. 238.
10.
Dante Alighieri,
Inferno
, vi. 49–50,74–5.
11.
As related by Simonde de Sismondi,
Histoire des républiques italiennes du Moyen Âge
(Geneva, 1807–8), iii. 129.
12.
Petrarch, ‘Di pensier in pensier’, in
The Penguin Book of Italian Verse
, ed. George Kay (London, 1958), 116.
13.
Dante Alighieri,
Paradiso
, xxvii. 22–7, 55–60.
14.
Robert Burns, ‘Scots wha hae’ (Bruce Before Bannockburn), in
Poems and Songs of Robert Burns
, ed. J. Barke (London, 1955), 629.
15.
Declaration of Arbroath, 6 Apr. 1320, English translation; see G. F. Maine, A
Book of Scotland
(London, 1950), 81–2. On Scottish history, J. D. Mackie,
A History of Scotland
(2nd edn., London, 1978); W. Moffat, A. M. Gray,
A History of Scotland
(Oxford, 1989).
16.
Quoted by Philip Ziegler,
The Black Death
(London, 1970), 66.
17.
W. Rees, ‘The Black Death as Recorded in English Manorial Documents’, in
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
, xvi. 2, p. 4; quoted by Ziegler,
The Black Death
, 197.
18.
P. D. A. Harvey, A
Mediaeval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham
(Oxford, 1965), 135.
19.
Ziegler,
The Black Death
, 239.
20.
H. Pirenne,
Economic and Social History of Mediaeval Europe
(London, 1936), 200.
21.
Quoted by George Holmes,
Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450
(London, 1975), 131–2.
22.
See R. B. Dobson,
The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381
(London, 1983).
23.
Charles d’Orléans, ‘En regardant vers le pais de France’, in
Oxford Book of French Verse
(Oxford, 1957), 30–1.
24.
Shakespeare,
King Richard the Second
,
II
. i. 40–50.
25.
See D. Keys, ‘Very Civil War and Unbloody Battles’,
Independent
, 23 Dec. 1989.
26.
See Richard Vaughan,
Valois Burgundy
(London, 1975), 129, 175, 191–3.
27.
Ibid. 169–70. Destroyed in 1793, it was turned into the site of the departmental lunatic asylum.
28.
Michar Giedroyć, ‘The Arrival of Christianity in Lithuania, i: Early Contacts (Thirteenth Century)’; ‘ii: Baptism and Survival (1341–87)’,
Oxford Slavonic Papers
, xviii (1985), 1–30; xix (1986), 34–57.
29.
P. Rabikauskas, ‘La cristianizzione della Samogizia, 1413–17’ in
La cristianizzione della Lituania: colloquio internazionale di storia ecclesiastica (1987)
(Rome, 1989).
30.
V. H. H. Green,
Mediaeval Civilisation in Western Europe
(London, 1971), 4.
31.
Green, op. cit. 98–9.
32.
From H. von Treitschke,
History of Germany
(1879), ii; quoted by J. Sheehan,
German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century
(London, 1982), 37.
33.
Huizinga,
The Waning of the Middle Ages
, 248.
34.
Friedrich Heer,
Mittelalter
(1961), trans. as
The Mediaeval World: Europe from 1100–1350
(London, 1962), 251–3.
35.
Steven Runciman,
The Fall of Constantinople: 1453
(Cambridge, 1965), 131.
36.
Ibid. 37.
37.
Gibbon,
Decline and Fall
, ch. 68.
38.
See Felipe Fernández-Armesto, ‘Spain Repays Its Debt to the Jews’,
European
, 19–25 Mar. 1992.
39.
Emma Klein, ‘The Sultan Who saved the Sephardim’, ibid.
40.
For the conventional view of Columbus, see J. H. Parry,
The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration and Settlement, 1450–1650
(London, 1963).
MOSCOW, AD 1493
41.
See
The Orthodox Liturgy, being the Divine Liturgy of S. John Chrysostom and S. Basil the Great according to the use of the Church of Russia
, trans. P. Thompson
et al
. (London, 1939), from which all the following quotations, except for the Gospel reading, derive.
42.
The Old Church Slavonic text uses the terms ‘Ierod Tsr’’ and ‘Tsr’ Iudeiskyi’; from
Gospoda Nashego Iesusa Khrista Novyi Zavyet na Slavyanskom i Ruskom Yazykakh
(The New Testament of Our Lord Jesus Christ in the Slavonic and Russian Languages), parallel texts (St Petersburg, 1823), 23.
43.
See Dimitri Strémooukhoff, ‘Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine’,
Speculum
(Jan. 1953), 84–101; repr. in M. Cherniavsky,
The Structure of Russian History: Interpretative Essays
(New York, 1970), 108–25.
44.
See J. L. I. Fennell,
Ivan the Great of Moscow
(London, 1961).
45.
R. G. Howes,
Testaments of the Grand Princes of Moscow
(Ithaca, NY, 1967), 267–98.
46.
Fennell,
Ivan the Great
, op. cit. 122.
47.
Strémooukhoff, ‘Moscow the Third Rome’,
passim
.