Fairy Tale Queens: Representations of Early Modern Queenship (36 page)

17. Hayward,
Rich Apparel,
 167.

18. Arnold, 59.

19. 
CSP Spain,
 vol. 6, pt. 2, July 27, 1543. Item 188.

20. 
Collected Works of Elizabeth,
 eds. Leah Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 97.

21. For the popularity of the Griselda story in the Renaissance, see Judith Bronfman, “Griselda, Renaissance Woman,” in 
The
Renaissance Englishwoman in Print: Counterbalancing the Canon,
 eds. Anne Haskelkorn and Betty Travitsky (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990), 211–23.

22. Jones and Stallybrass, 239.

23. Edward Hall,
Henry VIII,
 vol. 2, 1904, 231.

24. Ibid., 233.

25. Wriothesley, 93.

26. Arnold, 5.

27. Hayward, “Dressed to Impress,” in 
Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth,
 eds. Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), 82.

28. Ibid.

29. Elizabeth Mazzola, “Borrowed Robes,” in 
Women’s Wealth and Women’s Writing in Early Modern England
 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009), 35. 30. Ibid., 39.

31. Magdalena Sánchez, “Sword and Wimple: Isabel Clara Eugenia and Power,” in 
The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe,
 73–74.

32. Charlotte-Rose de la Force, “Persinette,” in Zipes, 479–83.

33. Perrault, “Cinderella,” in Zipes, 449–53.

34. Perrault, “Sleeping Beauty” in Zipes, 688–95.

35. Frieda, 311–13.

36. Brantôme, 329.

37. Yassana C. Croizat, “ ‘Living Dolls’: Francois Ier Dresses His Women,” 
Renaissance Quarterly
 60, no. 1 (Spring 2007), 114.

38. Ives, 271.

39. James, 123.

40. Susan James, “Lady Jane Grey or Kateryn Parr?,” 
Burlington Magazine
138, no. 1114 (1996), 20–24.

41. “Narrative of the Visit of the Duke de Najera,” ed. F. Madden, in
Archaeologica
 23 (1831), 35.

42. D’Aulnoy, “Gracieuse and Percinet,” in Macdonell, 1–18.

43. 
CSP Venice,
 May 30, 1559. Item 77.

44. Aram, 36.

45. 
L & P,
 vol. 15, January 5, 1540. Item 22.

46. 
L & P,
 vol. 15, January 5, 1540. Item 23.

47. Hall, 302–03.

48. Caroline Hibbard, “‘By Our Direction and For Our Use’: The Queen’s Patronage of Artists and Artisans Seen through Her Household Accounts,” in 
Henrietta Maria: Piety, Politics, and Patronage,
 ed. Erin Griffey (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008), 117.

49. Michelle Ann White, 
Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars
(Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006), 20–23. White explains that “throughout the 1620s and 1630s Henrietta never fabricated or projected an endearing public image of herself.”

50. Pepys, Sunday, May 25, 1662, 229–30.

51. 
CSP Spain,
 vol. 13, pt. 6, July 29, 1554. Item 7.

52. 
CSP Venice,
 vol. 4, April 4, 1533. Item 870.

53. Warnicke,
The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn,
 121.

54. Sir John Harington, 
The Epigrams of Sir John Harington,
 ed. Gerard Kilroy (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009),183.

55. Sir John Harington, 
Nugae Antiquae: Being a Miscellaneous Collection of Original Papers,
 eds. Henry Harington and Thomas Park (London: Vernor and Hood, 1804), 361–62.

56. Arnold, 104.

57. Levin,
The Heart and Stomach of a King,
 34.

58. Catherine Howey, “Fashioning Monarchy: Women, Dress, and Power at the Court of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603, in 
The Rule of Women in Early
Modern Europe
, 148. See also Jane Donawerth, “Women’s Poetry and the Tudor-Stuart System of Gift Exchange,” in Burke, et. al., 3–18.

59. Howey, 152.

60. Arnold, 98.

61. Lisa Klein, “Your Humble Handmaid: Elizabethan Gifts of Needlework,” 
Renaissance Quarterly
 50, no. 2 (1997), 464.

62. Basile, “The Sun, the Moon, and Talia,” in Zipes, 685–88.

63. Arnold, 1.

64. Aram, 25–26.

65. 
Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain,
 3 vols., ed. M. A. E. Wood (London, 1846), 140.

66. Whitelock, 57.

67. 
L & P,
 vol. 7, February 21, 1534. Item 214.

68. The popular conception of Mary is that she was somber and dour, but in fact she loved extravagant clothing. See Allison Carter, “Mary Tudor’s Wardrobe,” 
Costume, the Journal of the Costume Society,
no. 18 (1984), 9–28.

69. 
L & P,
 vol.16, September 3, 1540. Item 11.

70. Warnicke, 96; Starkey, 459.

71. Starkey, 651.

72. 
L & P,
 vol. 16, November 12, 1541. Item 1333.

73. 
L & P,
 vol. 1, pt. 2, Feb 19, 1514. Item 2656.

74. Perry, 91–92.

75. Croizat, 97.

76. Croizat, 105.

77. Croizat, 118.

78. Robert Wyngfield, 
A Circumstantial Account of the Execution of Mary Queen of Scots.
 From 
Clarendon Historical Society Reprints
 (Clarendon, UK: Clarendon Historical Society, 1886) vol. 8.

7 The Queen’s Body: Promiscuity at Court

1. Ctd. in Leonie Frieda, 
Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2003), 240.

2. Max Lüthi,
The Fairy Tale as Art Form and Portrait of Man,
 trans. Jon Erickson. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984, 4–5.

3. Giambattista Basile,“Petrosinella,” in Zipes, 475–79.

4. Basile, “The Three Fairies,” in Zipes, 544–50.

5. In Giovanni Straparola’s “Tebaldo,” the king is punished—tortured, drawn, and quartered—but for the crime of murdering his grandchildren, not for his incestuous advances on his daughter. In Basile’s “The Bear,” the incestuous king disappears from the story, and at the end of Perrault’s “Donkey-Skin” the guilty king repents and feels only paternal love for his daughter. Similarly, the incestuous king in Basile’s “The Maiden Without Hands” regrets his inappropriate desire. In the world of fairy tale justice, kings are allowed to repent and are punished far less often than queens.

6. Basile, “Sun, Moon, Talia,” in 
The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones,
 trans. Nancy Canepa (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2007), 413–17.

7. In
The Great Fairy Tale Tradition,
 Jack Zipes groups this tale with Perrault’s “Sleeping Beauty” and the Grimm Brothers’ “Briar Rose” under the heading “The Fruitful Sleep.” This categorization ignores the king’s rape of Talia and assumes that her elevation to queen consort excuses his crime.

8. Perrault’s version of this tale, “Sleeping Beauty,” makes a number of changes that erase male guilt and further emphasize female wrongdoing. In “Sleeping Beauty,” the prince is unmarried and in his awakening of the princess he becomes her redeemer rather than a rapist. The wicked queen is not his first wife but his mother, who also “happens to be an ogre.” Nonetheless, her wickedness still derives from a sexualized jealousy of her new daughter-in-law.

9. Zipes,
The Great Fairy Tale Tradition.
 Zipes also suggests that the miraculous-pregnancy motif may be a “mock episode of the immaculate conception,” 100.

10. Straparola, “Pietro the Fool,” in Zipes, 101–06.

11. Basile,“Peruonto,” in Zipes, 106–12. Nancy Canepa discusses this tale in light of Peruonto’s magical powers that cause a “series of significant inversions... Vastolla’s ‘virgin birth,’ her father’s quite unpaternal sentiment at being cuckolded by his own daughter...her and Peruonto’s subsistence in a sort of uterine limbo while in the barrel, and their subsequent rebirth onto a higher social plane,” 
From Court
to Forest,
 192.

12. Marie-Catherine d’Aulnoy, “The Dolphin,” in Zipes, 113–36.

13. “Diguised heroes” is the designation Zipes uses for these tales in 
The

Great Fairy Tale Tradition
, 159.

14. Shakespeare’s
King Lear
 begins with the same premise, but Straparola’s king and queen appear to handle the division of their kingdom more wisely than Lear.

15. Basile, “The Three Crowns,” in Zipes, 167–73.

16. D’Aulnoy, “Belle-Belle, or the Chevalier Fortuné,” in Zipes, 174–205.

17. Marie-Jeanne Lhéritier’s “The Discreet Princess; or the Adventures of Finette,” in Zipes, 528–42.

18. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 
Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire
 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 38.

19. Katherine Crawford addresses how two French kings’ sexual reputations and behaviors influenced their political authority: “Love, Sodomy, and Scandal: Controlling the Sexual Reputation of Henry III,” 
Journal of the History of Sexuality
 12, no. 4 (October 2003), 513–42 and “The Politics of Promiscuity: Masculinity and Heroic Representation at the Court of Henry IV,” 
French Historical Studies
26, no. 2 (Spring 2003), 225–52.

20. Thomas Becon, 
Prayers and Other Pieces of Thomas Becon
 (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), 227–28.

21. John Knox,
The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of
Women
 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 14. For Elizabeth’s response to Knox, see Anne McLaren, 
Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I:
Queen and Commonwealth 1558–1585
 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). For another view on the connection between the female body and female power, see Susan Dunn-Hensley, “Whore Queens: The Sexualized Female Body of the State,” in 
“High and Mighty Queens”
of Early Modern England: Realities and Representations
,” eds. Carole Levin, Debra Barrett-Graves, and Jo Carney (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 101–16.

22. John Aylmer, 
An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes, against the Late Blowne Blaste, concerning the Government of Women
 (London: Printed by John Day,1559).

23. 
Privy Purse Expenses of Princess Mary
, cxlv.

24. Although most contemporary scholars maintain that Anne was innocent of the charges against her, the notable exception is G. W. Bernard, who has written extensively on the subject. See 
Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010). For a discussion of the flaws in Bernard’s argument, see Retha Warnicke, 
Wicked Women of Tudor
England: Queens, Aristocrats, Commoners,
 chapter 2 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

25. Charles Wriothesley, 
A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors,
 ed. Camden Society (London: 1874), 38.

26. 
CSP Venice,
 vol. 4, Nov 24, 1531. Item 701.

27. Louis Montrose, 
The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation
 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 13.

28. 
L& P,
 vol. 6, June 30, 1533. Item 733.

29. 
CSP Spain,
 vol. 4, pt. 1, July 11, 1530. Item 373.

30. 
L & P,
 vol. 6, July 31, 1533. Item 923.

31. 
L & P,
 vol. 6, August 10, 1533. Item 964.

32. 
L & P,
 vol. 6, October 10, 1533. Item 1254.

33. 
L & P,
 vol. 7, June 26, 1534. Item 840.

34. Another confession from spinster Margaret Chanseler said that “the Queen had one child by the King, which was dead-born, and she prayed she might never have other. That the Queen was ‘a noughtty hoore,’ and the King ought not to marry within the realm.” Margaret then defended herself by saying she was drunk and the “evil spirit caused her to speak” and she apologized. A second deposition reports Chanseler as saying “that the Queen was ‘a goggled eyed whore,’ and said ‘God save queen Katharine,’ for she was righteous Queen, and she trusted to see her Queen again.” 
L & P,
 vol. 7, vol. 8, Feb 11, 1535. Item 196.

35. 
CSP Spain.
 vol. 4, pt. 2, April 27, 1533. Item 1062

36. Carole Levin discusses the various rumors against Henry in “‘We Shall Never Have a Merry World while the Queene Lyveth’: Gender, Monarchy, and the Power of Seditious Words,” in 
Dissing Elizabeth,
77–95.

37. 
L & P,
 May 19, 1536. Item 908.

38. 
Lisle Letters,
 vol. 4, 46.

39. 
L & P,
 May 19, 1536. Item 908.

40. Ives, 327.

41. Montrose, 37.

42. Cardinal William Allen, 
An Admonition to the Nobility and People of
England and Ireland
. English Recusant Literature 1558–1640, vol. 54 (Menston, UK: Scholar Press, 1971). Allen claimed that Elizabeth had been promiscuous with several men: “With divers others, she hath abused her bodie against God’s laws, to the disgrace of princely majestie, and the whole nation’s reproache, by unspeakable and incredible variety of luste...shamfully she hath defiled her person and country, and made her court as a trappe, by this damnable and detestable art to intangle in sinne, and overthrowe the younger sorte of her nobilitye and gentlemen of the lande.”

43. Carole Levin, 
The Heart and Stomach of A King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power
 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 68–69.

44. Sara Mendelson, “Popular Perceptions of Elizabeth,” in 
Elizabeth: Always Her Own Free Woman,
 eds. Carole Levin, D. Barrett-Graves, and Jo Carney (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003) 
,
 192–214.

45. 
Collected Works of Elizabeth,
 24; Sheila Cavanaugh discusses how “the rumors begun here were ready to be assimilated into the countless later stories of the sexual profligacy, genital deformity, and illegitimate maternity.” “Princess Elizabeth and the Seymour Incident,” in
Dissing Elizabeth,
 9–25.

46. Paul E. J. Hammer, “Sex and the Virgin Queen: Aristocratic Concupiscence and the Court of Elizabeth I,” 
The Sixteenth Century
Journal
 31, no.1 (Spring 2000), 77–97.