23. BBC WA, R9/19/1, Jun 1952; David R. Devereux, ‘State Versus Private Ownership: The Conservative Governments and British Civil Aviation, 1951–62’,
Albion
(Spring 1995), pp 75–6;
New Yorker
, 20 Sep 1952;
Picture Post
, 13 Sep 1952; Channel 4, ‘Comet Cover-Up’, 13 Jun 2002.
24.
Guardian
, 6 Aug 1990 (John Ezard); King, 18 Nov 1951; Margaret Gowing,
Independence and Deterrence, Volume 1
(1974), pp 443–4; Papers of Lord Hinton of Bankside (Institution of Mechanical Engineers), HIN 1/38, 1/4; ‘John Challens’,
The Times
, 18 Mar 2002;
Daily Mirror
/
Daily Mail
, 4 Oct 1952.
25. Langford, 27 Sep 1952; T.A.B. Corley, ‘Consumer Marketing in Britain, 1914–60’,
Business History
(Oct 1987), p 74; David Jeremiah,
Architecture and Design for the Family in Britain, 1900–70
(Manchester, 2000), p 155;
Daily Mirror
, 6 Oct 1952.
6 Not Much Here
1. Ian Jack,
Before the Oil Ran Out
(1987), pp 20–23.
2. M-O A, TC85/9/B.
3. B. Seebohm Rowntree and G. R. Lavers,
English Life and Leisure
(1951), pp 92, 48–9, 85, 88, 119.
7 A Different Class of People
1. Doris Lessing,
Walking in the Shade
(1997), p 54; Dan Jacobson, ‘“If England was What England Seems”’,
Times Literary Supplement
, 11 Mar 2005; Geoffrey Gorer,
Exploring English Character
(1955), p 34; Janet H. Madge, ‘Some Aspects of Social Mixing in Worcester’, in Leo Kuper (ed),
Living in Towns
(1953), p 278; Thomas Bottomore, ‘Social Stratification in Voluntary Organizations’, in D. V. Glass (ed),
Social Mobility in Britain
(1954), pp 349–50, 381; Margaret Stacey,
Tradition and Change
(1960), p 148.
2. Ferdynand Zweig,
The British Worker
(1952), p 204; Alan Bennett,
Untold Stories
(2005), p 491; Joe Moran,
Queuing for Beginners
(2007), p 11; T. H. Pear,
English Social Differences
(1955), p 184; Anthony Sutcliffe and Roger Smith,
Birmingham, 1939–1970
(1974), p 249;
Manchester Guardian
, 14 Dec 1950; BBC WA, LR/47/379, 14 Mar 1947; Peter Miskell,
A Social History of the Cinema in Wales, 1918–1951
(Cardiff, 2006), pp 96–7; Gordon T. Stewart, ‘Tenzing’s Two Wrist-Watches: The Conquest of Everest and Late Imperial Culture in Britain, 1921–1953’,
Past & Present
, Nov 1995, p 178; Stacey,
Tradition and Change,
p 88; Martin Polley, ‘“The Amateur Rules”: Amateurism and Professionalism in Post-War British Athletics’, in Adrian Smith and Dilwyn Porter (eds),
Amateurs and Professionals in Post-War British Sport
(2000), pp 81–114; Tony Collins,
Rugby League in Twentieth Century Britain
(Abingdon, 2006), chap 9; Fred Titmus,
My Life in Cricket
(2005), p 14.
3. Zweig,
British Worker
, pp 206–7; Abrams, Box 67, ‘The Future of the Labour Party, 1952–1959’; Donald James Wheal,
White City
(2007), pp 213–14; Email from Pamela Hendicott, 15 Mar 2007; Elaine Feinstein,
Ted Hughes
(2001), pp 26–7; Joan Bakewell,
The Centre of the Bed
(2003), pp 86–8; Bennett,
Untold Stories
, pp 390–91;
Independent
, 25 Jan 2008 (Ciar Byrne).
4. A. M. Carr-Saunders et al,
A Survey of Social Conditions in England and Wales
(1958), p 64; H. T. Himmelweit, ‘Social Status and Secondary Education Since the 1944 Act’, in D. V. Glass (ed),
Social Mobility in Britain
(1954), p 142; Ross McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
(Oxford, 1998), p 260; Correlli Barnett,
The Verdict of Peace
(2001), p 462; Carr-Saunders et al,
Survey
, pp 68, 70; John Eggleston, ‘Secondary Schools and Oxbridge Blues’,
British Journal of Sociology
(Sep 1965), pp 234–5; D. V. Glass, ‘Introduction’, in Glass (ed),
Social Mobility in Britain
(1954), pp 22–3; Angus Maude, ‘The Conservative Party and the Changing Class Structure’,
Political Quarterly
(Apr 1953), p 146.
5.
Fowles
, pp 3–5, 11, 27–8, 132–3.
6. Martin, 4 Jan 1952, 27 Feb 1952, 14 Mar 1952, 5 Aug 1952, 20 Dec 1952, end-1952, 2 Feb 1953, 17 Mar 1953, 10 Apr 1953.
7. This analysis derives from: McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
, pp 44–9; Mike Savage et al,
Property, Bureaucracy and Culture
(1992), chap 3; Harold Perkin,
The Rise of Professional Society
(1989), pp 436–43; David Edgerton,
Warfare State
(Cambridge, 2006), pp 172–80.
8. Richard Gordon,
Doctor in the House
(1952), chap 1.
9. Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 48–9; M-O A, Directives for Sept 1948 (Men’s replies, C–F file, Women’s replies, A–H file, L–S file), Directives for Jan 1949 (Men’s replies, J–L file, M–O file, Women’s replies, R–W file).
10. Simon Gunn and Rachel Bell,
Middle Classes
(2002), p 97; quoted in Bill Williamson,
The Temper of the Times
(1990), p 73; A.C.H. Smith,
Paper Voices
(1975), p 149; McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
, pp 63, 262.
11. Roy Lewis and Angus Maude,
The English Middle Classes
(1949), pp 283–6; John Bonham,
The Middle Class Vote
(1954), pp 65–70; McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
, pp 65–6, 261–2.
12. Mike Savage, ‘Sociology, Class and Male Manual Work Cultures’, in John McIlroy et al (eds),
British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics: Volume Two
(Aldershot, 1999), p 35; M-O A, Directives for Sept 1948 (Men’s replies, G–I file, C–F file).
13. Arthur Marwick, ‘Images of the Working Class since 1930’, in Jay Winter (ed),
The Working Class in Modern British History
(Cambridge, 1983), p 223;
Daily Telegraph
, 11 Jan 2005; John Gross,
A Double Thread
(2001), p 121;
Encounter
, April 1955, p 14;
Times Literary Supplement
, 19 Jun 1953; Sir William Haley,
The Responsibilities of Broadcasting
(1948), p 11.
14. Williamson,
Temper
, p 75; Phyllis Willmott,
Joys and Sorrows
(1995), p 140;
Independent
, 1 Apr 2007 (Michael Glover); ‘Donald Lindsay’,
The Times
, 3 Dec 2002.
15. Bennett,
Untold Stories
, p 24; Sheila Rowbotham, ‘Revolt in Roundhay’, in Liz Heron (ed),
Truth, Dare or Promise
(1985), p 193; Hunter Davies,
The Beatles
(1978), p 25;
Picture Post
, 2 Aug 1952;
News Chronicle
, 25 Aug 1952;
Evening News
, 6 Oct 1952.
16. M-O A, TC3/4/A–B; Langford, 16 Mar 1949, 20 Jun 1952, 7 Jan 1953; M-O A, D5353, 7 Jul 1947, 10 Jul 1947.
17. Peter Stead, ‘Barry since 1939’, in Donald Moore (ed),
Barry
(Barry Island, 2nd edn, 1985), p 457; Ian Jack,
Before the Oil Ran Out
(1987), pp 33–4; F. Zweig,
Women’s Life and Labour
(1952), chap 17.
18. M-O A, Directives for Sept 1948 (Men’s replies, C–F file); Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 40–41; Zweig,
British Worker
, p 201; John Benson,
Affluence and Authority
(2005), pp 197–8; Mass-Observation,
The Press and Its Readers
(1949), p 98; T. Cauter and J. S. Downham,
The Communication of Ideas
(1954), pp 246, 256.
19. Zweig,
British Worker
, p 206; Collins, p 138; BBC WA, R9/74/1, May 1950; Margaret Forster,
Hidden Lives
(1995), p 209; BBC WA, R9/9/15–LR/51/2313; David Hendy, ‘BBC Radio Four and Conflicts over Spoken English in the 1970s’,
Media History
(Dec 2006), p 275; Doris Lessing,
In Pursuit of the English
(Sphere edn, 1968), p 113.
20. Norman Dennis et al,
Coal Is Our Life
(Tavistock edn, 1969), pp 33–4; Mike Savage and Andrew Miles,
The Remaking of the British Working Class, 1840–1940
(1994), p 5;
Picture Post
, 16 Aug 1952; Savage, ‘Sociology’, pp 23–42.
21. John Lahr,
Prick Up Your Ears
(Bloomsbury edn, 2002), pp 49, 57, 69–70; Tom Courtenay,
Dear Tom
(2000); Tam Dalyell, ‘Roland Boyes’,
Independent
, 21 Jun 2006; John Sutherland,
The Boy Who Loved Books
(2007), pp 56–9; Terence Stamp,
Stamp Album
(1987), p 65; Lynda Lee-Potter,
Class Act
(2000), pp 9–10.
22. Nadine Meisner, ‘Terry Gilbert’,
Independent
, 21 Sep 2001; Elizabeth Roberts,
Women and Families
(Oxford, 1995), p 173; F. W. Martin, ‘An Inquiry into Parents’ Preferences in Secondary Education’, in D. V. Glass (ed),
Social Mobility in Britain
(1954), chap 7;
Guardian
, 16 Oct 2004; Selina Todd, ‘Breadwinners and Dependants: Working-Class Young People in England, 1918–1955’,
International Review of Social History
, April 2007, p 78; Email from Ken Worpole, 17 Jan 2008; Joanna Bourke,
Working-Class Cultures in Britain, 1890–1960
(1994), pp 120–21.
23. Brian Thompson,
Keeping Mum
(2006), pp 90–91, 196–200, 231–2.
8 It Makes a Break
1. Doris Rich, ‘Spare Time in the Black Country’, in Leo Kuper (ed),
Living in Towns
(1953), p 323; Noddy Holder,
Who’s Crazee Now?
(1999), pp 1–10.
2.
Independent
, 9 May 1995 (Nick Donaldson);
Kelly’s Directory of The City of Newcastle Upon Tyne and Gosforth, 1953
(1953), pp 217–18; Benwell Community Project,
Final Report Series, No 7
(Newcastle upon Tyne, 1979), pp 16–17. See also Jimmy Forsyth,
Scotswood Road
(Newcastle upon Tyne, 1986).
3. Cilla Black,
What’s It All About?
(2003), pp 4–5, 11–12; Paul Bailey,
An Immaculate Mistake
(2004); Diaries of William Hayhurst (Manchester City Archives), Mss 573/9–10, 14, 16–18.
4. B. Seebohm Rowntree and G. R. Lavers,
English Life and Leisure
(1951), p 287; T. Cauter and J. S. Downham,
The Communication of Ideas
(1954), pp 168–9.
5. Geoffrey Browne,
Patterns of British Life
(1950), pp 70–72; Mass-Observation,
The Press and Its Readers
(1949), pp 20–73.
6.
Daily Mirror
, 30 Jul 1951; Mass-Observation,
Press
, pp 39, 104.
7. Rowntree and Lavers,
English Life
, p 289;
News of the World
, 23 Nov 1952; Browne,
Patterns
, p 74;
Sunday Post
, 23 Nov 1952;
Guardian
, 11 Jan 2003 (Ian Jack).
8.
News of the World
, 21 Dec 1952;
Autosport
, 6 Jun 1952; Anton Rippon,
A Derby Boy
(Stroud, 2007), pp 22–3; John Sutherland,
The Boy Who Loved Books
(2007), p 141; Browne,
Patterns
, pp 122–5; David Vincent,
Poor Citizens
(Harlow, 1991), p 148;
Financial Times
, 21 Apr 2001 (Andrew Lycett); Lorna Sage,
Bad Blood
(2000), p 40.
9.
Picture Post
, 4 Sep 1948; Rowntree and Lavers,
English Life
, p 201.
10. M-O A, TC85/9/A, 11 May 1947; A. M. Carr-Saunders et al,
A Survey of Social Conditions in England and Wales
(1958), p 251; T. R. Gourvish and R. G. Wilson,
The British Brewing Industry, 1830–1980
(Cambridge, 1994), p 368; Cauter and Downham,
Communication
, p 90; Browne,
Patterns
, p 126; John Ezard, ‘Francis Showering’,
Guardian
, 8 Sep 1995.
11. M-O A, FR 3029, p 56, TC 85/14/A, May 1951; Rowntree and Lavers,
English Life
, chap 3;
Picture Post
, 18 Jun 1949; Hunter Davies,
The Beatles
(Mayflower edn, 1969), p 56; Gourvish and Wilson,
British Brewing
, p 415; M-O A, FR 3029, pp 158–66; Rich, ‘Spare Time’, pp 352–3; Norman Dennis et al,
Coal Is Our Life
(Tavistock edn, 1969), p 153. See also Adrian Smith, ‘Cars, Cricket and Alf Smith: The Place of Works-based Sports and Social Clubs in the Life of Mid-Twentieth-Century Coventry’,
International Journal of the History of Sport
(Mar 2002), pp 137–50.
12. Cauter and Downham,
Communication
, p 91; M-O A, TC 85/14/B, May 1951; J. M. Mogey,
Family and Neighbourhood
(1956), p 103; Donald James Wheal,
White City
(2007), p 215; M-O A, FR 3029, pp 37–8, 96, 99.
13. Ferdynand Zweig,
The British Worker
(1952), p 137; M-O A, TC 85/4/B, FR 3029, p 72; Mogey,
Family
, p 103; Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds),
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell: Volume III
(Penguin edn, 1970), p 63;
Daily Mirror
, 30 Jul 1951; Dennis et al,
Coal
, pp 154–5; M-O A, FR 3029, p 49, TC 85/9/B, 6 Oct 1947; Rippon,
Derby Boy
, p 32; Paul Thompson, ‘Imagination and Passivity in Leisure: Coventry Car Workers and Their Families from the 1920s to the 1970s’, in David Thoms et al (eds),
The Motor Car and Popular Culture in the 20th Century
(Aldershot, 1998), p 262; Rich, ‘Spare Time’, p 327; Mogey,
Family
, p 105; M-O A, TC 85/9/A, 8 Apr 1947.
14. Tony Collins and Wray Vamplew,
Mud, Sweat and Beers
(Oxford, 2002), pp 32–3, 58; M-O A, FR 3029, pp 113–14, 116, 119; Brian Bennison,
Heady Days
(Newcastle upon Tyne, 1996), p 14; M-O A, FR 3029, pp 121–2; Rich, ‘Spare Time’, p 326; Collins and Vamplew,
Mud
, pp 28, 33–4.
15. Brian Bennison,
Heavy Nights
(Newcastle upon Tyne, 1997), pp 34, 36–7; M-O A, FR 3029, pp 231–2, TC 85/8/A, 6 Aug 1947, TC85/9/A, 3 Jan 1947.