Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (116 page)

45
. Edward Pollard,
The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates
(New York: E. B. Treat, 1867), 51; Lord John Manners,
England’s Trust, and Other Poems
(London: J. Rivington, 1841), 16–17; Russell,
Pictures of Southern Life, Social, Political and Military
(New York: James G. Gregory, 1861), 3, 7, 63; Fox-Genovese and Genovese,
Mind of the Master Class
, 29, 121; Lieber, in O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order
, 1:368.

46
. Hugh Thomas,
The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 28–31.

47
. J. J. Sharp,
Discovery in the North Atlantic, from the 6th to the 17th Century
(Halifax, NS: Nimbus, 1991), viii–ix; David Eltis, “The U.S. Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1644–1867: An Assessment,”
Civil War History
54 (December 2008), 354–56.

48
. Peter Kolchin,
American Slavery, 1619–1877
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 12–13.

49
. Ibid., 57–62; Wilma A. Dunaway,
Slavery in the American Mountain South
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 166; Philip D. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 264–65.

50
. Arthur de Gobineau, “From the Author’s Dedication,” in
The Inequality of Human Races
, trans. Adrian Collins (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915), xiv; “The Black and White Races of Men,”
DeBow’s Review
30 (April 1861): 448–49; William Holcombe, “The Alternative: A Separate Nationality or the Africanization of the South,”
Southern Literary Messenger
(February 1861), 83; Charles Robert McKirdy,
Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2011), 14.

51
. Melton A. McLaurin,
Celia: A Slave
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 134–35.

52
. Orlando Patterson,
Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 7–10; James Oakes,
Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South
(New York: Knopf, 1990), 3–14; Samuel Atkins Eliot,
The Life of Josiah Henson: Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada
(Boston: A. D. Phelps, 1849), 1–2; Frederick Douglass,
My Bondage and My Freedom
(New York, 1855), 214, 242–46; Lieber, in O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order
, 1:76–77.

53
. Eugene D. Genovese,
A Consuming Fire: The Fall of the Confederacy in the Mind of the White Christian South
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998), 51, and Eugene D. Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made
(New York: Pantheon, 1974), 89–91.

54
. Russell,
My Diary North and South
, 106; Randall Jimerson,
The Private Civil War: Popular Thought During the Sectional Conflict
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 54; T. R. R. Cobb, “T. R. R. Cobb’s Secessionist Speech,” in
Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860
, ed. William H. Freehling and Craig M. Simpson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 11; Craig M. Simpson,
A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 103.

55
.
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
, 246, 283.

56
. T. Michael Parrish,
Richard Taylor: Soldier Prince of Dixie
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 446.

57
. Fox-Genovese and Genovese,
Mind of the Master Class
, 143; Jimerson,
The Private Civil War
, 249.

58
. “American Slavery in 1857,”
Southern Literary Messenger
25 (August 1857): 81; O’Brien,
Conjectures of Order
, 1:17.

59
. James L. Huston,
Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 28; William W. Freehling,
The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 14; James Oakes,
The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders
(New York: Knopf, 1982), 121, 203, 209–17; B. S. Hedrick, in Rosser H. Taylor, “Slaveholding in North Carolina: An Economic View,”
James Sprunt Historical Publications
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1926), 18:43; Thomas V. Ash,
Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 10, 18.

60
. Robert Fogel,
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 65; William W. Freehling,
The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 18, 24, 35, 201–7.

61
. Harriet Martineau,
Society in America
(New York: Saunders and Otley, 1837), 2:228; Joseph H. Ingraham,
The South-West, by a Yankee
(New York: Harper, 1835), 2:90–91; Lee Soltow,
Men and Wealth in the United States
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972), 105; Huston,
Calculating the Value of the Union
, 30.

62
. Ryer Emmanuel (Claussens, SC), and Sam Mitchell (Beaufort, SC), in
The American Slave, A Composite Autobiography
, vol. 2, part 2:
South Carolina Narratives
, and vol. 3, part 3:
South Carolina Narratives
, ed. George P. Rawick (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972), 24–25, 203; William Henry Singleton,
Recollections of My Slavery Days
, ed. K. M. Charron and D. S. Cecelski (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources, 1999), 31–32; Louis Hughes,
Thirty Years a Slave: From Bondage to Freedom
(Detroit: Negro History Press, 1969 [1897]), 78–79; Newton,
Out of the Briars: An Autobiography and Sketch of the Twenty-ninth Regiment Connecticut Volunteers
(Miami: Mnemosyne, 1969 [1910]), 19–20.

63
. Frederick Law Olmsted,
A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States: With Remarks on Their Economy
(New York: Dix and Edwards, 1856), 196; John Spencer Bassett,
The Southern Plantation Overseer as Revealed in His Letters
(Northampton, MA: Smith College, 1925), 146–47.

64
. Eliot,
Life of Henson
, 48.

65
.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself
(London: H. G. Collins, 1851), 99–100.

66
. Fogel,
Without Consent or Contract
, 31; Huston,
Calculating the Value of the Union
, 28.

67
. Frederick Law Olmsted,
The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States
, ed. A. M. Schlesinger (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 534.

68
. “An Appeal to Non-Slaveholders,” Louisville, KY,
Statesman
, October 5, 1860, in
Southern Editorials on Secession
, ed. Dwight Lowell Dumond (New York: Century, 1931), 174–75; Brown, in
Secession Debated
, eds. Freehling and Simpson, 153.

69
. John William Burgess,
Reminiscences of an American Scholar: The Beginnings of Columbia University
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), 3; Charles C. Bolton,
Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), 123; Shearer Davis Bowman,
Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 161.

70
. Hammond, “Mud-Sill Speech,” in
Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South
, ed. Eric L. McKitrick (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 122–23; Holcombe, “Is Slavery Consistent with Natural Law?”
Southern Literary Messenger
27 (December 1858): 417; Hugh B. Hammett,
Hilary Abner Herbert: A Southerner Returns to the Union
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976), 37.

71
. Robert S. Starobin,
Industrial Slavery in the Old South
(New York, 1970), 214–22; Eugene D. Genovese,
The Political Economy of Slavery
(New York: Pantheon, 1965), 222–23.

72
. T. Stephen Whitman, “Industrial Slavery at the Margin: The Maryland Chemical Works,”
Journal of Southern History
51 (February 1993): 31–62; “W. T. Smith et al., Marshall, to Texas Assembly, 1861,” January 17, 1861, in
The Southern Debate over Slavery
, vol. 1:
Petitions to Southern Legislatures, 1776–1864
, ed. Loren Schweninger (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 249.

73
. Robert William Fogel,
The Slavery Debates, 1952–1990: A Retrospective
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 63.

74
. Leonidas W. Spratt,
A Series of Articles on the Value of the Union to the South: Lately Published by the Charleston Standard
(Charleston: James, Williams and Gitsinger, 1855), 22.

75
. William Holcombe, “The Alternative: A Separate Nationality of the Africanization of the South,”
Southern Literary Messenger
(February 1861), 84; Simpson,
A Good Southerner
, 104; Leonard L. Richards,
The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 2007), 37.

76
. Bowman,
At the Precipice
, 250–51; C. Duncan Rice,
The Rise and Fall of Black Slavery
(New York: Macmillan, 1975), 210–11; Freehling,
The Road to Disunion
, 132–35; Joanne Pope Melish,
Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and Race in New England, 1780–1860
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 7.

77
. Lincoln, “Remarks and Resolution Introduced in United States House of Representatives Concerning Abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia,” January 10, 1849, in
Collected Works
, 2:20–22.

78
. Wainwright, in
Episcopal Watchman
2 (September 13, 1828): 204.

79
. Edward Raymond Turner,
Slavery in Pennsylvania
(Baltimore: Lord Baltimore Press, 1911), 11–12, 67; Billy G. Smith,
The “Lower Sort”: Philadelphia’s Laboring People, 1750–1800
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), 18–19; Gary B. Nash,
The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 108–10.

80
. Gary B. Nash,
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 65; David Brion Davis,
Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 150–51; Cassandra Pybus,
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 8–9.

81
. William W. Story,
Life and Letters of Joseph Story
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1851), 1:340–41.

82
. William Lincoln, ed.,
The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775
(Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1838), 29; Arthur Zilversmit,
The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 190–91; Duncan J. McLeod,
Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 121–22; Benjamin Quarles, “The Revolutionary War as a Black Declaration of Independence,” in
Slavery and Freedom: The Age of the American Revolution
, ed. Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 283–301; Arthur Zilversmit, “Quok Walker, Mumbet, and the Abolition of Slavery in Massachusetts,”
William and Mary Quarterly
25 (October 1968): 614–16.

83
. Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe,
Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism
(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996), 142–43;
The Memoirs of Charles G. Finney: The Complete Restored Text
, ed. Garth A. Rosell and R. A. G. Dupuis (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1989), 362, 366.

84
. Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, 272; Willard Sterne Randall,
Thomas Jefferson: A Life
(New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 591.

85
. Fox-Genovese and Genovese,
Mind of the Master Class
, 231; Benjamin Watkins Leigh, November 4, 1829, in
Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829–30
(Richmond, VA: S. Shepherd, 1830), 173; Erik S. Root,
All Honor to Jefferson? The Virginia Slavery Debates and the Positive Good Thesis
(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), 90–91, 120.

86
. Berrien, in R. Kent Newmyer,
John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 431–32.

87
. Stephen B. Oates,
The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion
(New York: Harper and Row, 1975), 105.

88
. Lacy K. Ford,
Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 363–84.

89
.
David Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles
, ed. Charles M. Wiltse (New York: Hill and Wang, 1965), 70.

90
. Garrison, “Introduction” and “The Great Crisis,” December 29, 1832, in
Documents of Upheaval: Selections from William Lloyd Garrison’s
The Liberator,
1831–1865
, ed. Truman Nelson (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966), xiii–xiv, 57.