Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (245 page)

C
HAPTER
7
T
HE
M
ANCHURIAN
T
RANSFORMATION

1.
Eguchi Keiichi,
J
gonen sens
sh
shi, shinpan
(Aoki Shoten, 1991), pp. 36–37.

2.
Hatano Sumio, “Mansh
jihen to ‘ky
ch
' seiryoku,”
Tochigi shigaku
5 (1991), p. 110, citing “Nara nikki,” Sept. 19, 1931.

3.
On Sept. 19, 1931, General Nara told Army Minister Minami that, “Although the Kwantung Army can independently determine the sphere of action of its duties as specified in its regulations, it must await the decision of the cabinet if its actions go beyond that sphere. If large-scale troop movements are necessary, we may need to convene an imperial conference.”
KYN, dai gokan
, p. 156; Yamada,
Dai gensui Sh
wa tenn
, pp. 49, 83.

4.
Harada nikki, dai nikan
, p. 64; Fujiwara,
Sh
wa Tenn
no j
gonen sens
, p. 68. Chang Hsueh-liang's forces probably numbered closer to 130,000.

5.
All present were core members of the J
ichikai (Association of the eleventh), a group of titled peers, of whom Kido was the most active. Formed in 1922 and representing the reform faction of the titled nobility, they shared Konoe's view that Nationalist China denoted merely a region of raw territory to be used to secure Japan's survival.