Hostage Nation (43 page)

Read Hostage Nation Online

Authors: Victoria Bruce

Thanks to Tim O'Connell, associate editor, for helping us navigate the complex details of putting this book together over many months. And thank you to Maria Massey, production editor, and Carol Edwards, our copy editor, for your work in assembling our book, for making sure we've dotted all of our i's and crossed all of our t's, and much, much more.

When we initially began to cover the world of hostages in Colombia, César Pinzón, our cameraman on the documentary film
The Kidnapping of Ingrid Betancourt
, introduced us to Jorge Enrique Botero. For that, we owe César a debt of gratitude. This book would have been impossible without Botero's years of travel to the jungle and his coverage of Colombia's civil war. Thank you to our colleagues in Colombia: Mayra Rodríguez, Mauricio Mesa, Humberto Pinzón, Freddy Cusgüen, Efraín Bahamón, and Angela Botero. An additional thanks to Efraín and Angela for your kindness in hosting us on many occasions, and for the hours spent on transcriptions and translations for this book. Many people in the United States shared our desire to raise public awareness about the tragic hostage situation from the outset. Thank you, Richard Pleppler, Sheila Nevins, Geof Bartz, Lisa Heller, and Sara Bernstein at HBO; Diana Holtzberg, Jan Rofekamp, and John Nadai at Films Transit International, Inc.; CBS
60 Minutes II;
the History Channel; the History Channel en Español; the Sundance Channel; and Justin Loeber at Mouth Public Relations. We are grateful to you all for working with us to bring the situation further to light.

To all of the people we interviewed for this book, including those whose names we cannot reveal: We are ever grateful for your time, and for the stories, insights, and knowledge you shared with us. An especially generous thanks to Gary Noesner, who not only agreed to be interviewed numerous times for the book but who organized our initial meeting with the FBI, Northrop Grumman executives, and the State Department when we presented them with the proof-of-life video footage of the three American hostages. Your guidance throughout was indispensable.

To Jo Rosano, the first family member to go public about the situation of the American hostages, who continued to reach out to the media throughout the five-and-a-half-year ordeal: Your trust in us to record
that first special interview began a journey for us all. We greatly admire your courage, strong will, and unwavering strength.

To Adam Isacson and Sanho Tree, who have worked on Colombian issues for years: Thank you for sharing your expertise with us. Both of you have been invaluable resources. And thank you, Sanho, for working with us at the outset so we could speak to U.S. Congress members about the hostage situation.

Barbara Bruce, thank you for your willingness to read and edit our drafts again and again. Your attention to detail helped us when our eyes were too tired to see the mistakes. Barbara Gray and Lisa Tradup, we thank you not only for being supportive friends but also for your willingness to help us find buried pieces of research, and for your immediate attention to our frantic last-minute requests. Juliana, Alejandro, and Primavera, what would we have done without your help? Thank you for the hours spent on transcriptions, photo research, and general assistance (including reminding your dad to return our calls).

Carlos Villalón and Karl Penhaul, we thank you for your insights, journalistic guidance, and comforting presence in Bogotá. And to Carlos, as well as to Scott Dalton, Claudia Rubio, Felipe Caicedo, and Salud Hernández-Mora: We are honored to be able to include some of your outstanding photographs in our book. Heather Powell Crowder, thank you for your time and generosity in creating our terrific author photos. Hugo de Coloumme, we can't thank you enough for your incredible agility at cutting through red tape, for your language expertise, and for the numerous connections you helped us make. In you we have found a true friend. Tereaz, we greatly appreciate your love and support, which helped us with some of the most difficult challenges in this project.

Thank you, Paul and Alex, for being so understanding of our last-minute travels, trips that extended from days into weeks, and of our unannounced guests, who lived with us for indeterminate periods of time. Your love, support, trusted advice, and encouragement keep us going. To our families, whose love and willingness to lend a hand means more than we can express: Joe and Barb, Paula and Roger, Tim (thank you for all of the flights), Uncle Jim, Evelyn, and Catalina. And to our friends, thank you for standing by us through the many twists and turns
of this long journey, for always inquiring about the current state of the hostages, and for asking if there was anything you could do to help. We love you all.

Words cannot fully express how grateful we are that the long years of captivity are finally over for those who have been rescued or who have escaped. To all of those who are still being held hostage in Colombia, we anxiously await news of your freedom.

SOURCES AND REFERENCES

“Alan Jara: ‘In the Jungle, the Time Counts Double.'”
Cipcol.org
, February 4, 2009. Translation of
Semana
magazine's excerpts from the lengthy press conference given by Alan Jara, former governor, Meta department, Colombia.

Aló Presidente
. Venezolana de Televisión, Caracas, Venezuela, June 8, 2008.
Youtube.com
, June 9 2008.

Alsema, Adriaan. “Paramilitary Links to Be Judged as Crime Against Humanity.”
Colombiareports.com
, September 22, 2009.

“American hostages Rescued with Betancourt.”
LiveLeak.com
, July 2, 2008. Originally broadcast on Caracol TV/CNN.

Americas Research Group. “Chronology of Peace Process in Colombia 1998–2001.” Reliefweb.int, February 28, 2001.

Amnesty International. “Colombia / Amnesty International Report 2009;” available at
thereport.amnesty.org
.

Amnesty International. “Colombia: Paramilitary Infiltration of State Institutions Undermines Rule of Law.” Amnesty International USA, November 29, 2006.

Amnesty International USA. “Colombia: Extradition of Paramilitary Leaders Must Not Lead to Closure of Investigations into Human Rights Violations” (press release).
Amnestyusa.org
, May 13, 2008.

Apuzzo, Matt. “Judge Declares Mistrial in Drug Case Against Colombian Rebel.” Associated Press, April 22, 2008.

________. “Jury Deadlocks in Colombian Rebel Trial.”
poorbuthappy.com
, October 4, 2007. Associated Press article originally appeared at
news.yahoo.com
.

Arango, Carlos Z.
FARC, veinte años: De Marquetalia a la Uribe
. Bogotá: Ediciones Aurora, 1984.

“Así manejan sus finanzas las FARC.” Caracol Radio, January 31, 2005; available at
www.caracol.com
.

“Attacks on the Press 2001: Colombia.”
Cpj.org
, March 26, 2002.

Barrionuevo, Alexei. “Chávez's Promised Hostage Release Fizzles, His Second.”
NYTimes.com
, January 2, 2008.

Beaulac, Paul. Telegram no. 193 to U. S. secretary of state, April 9, 1948; available at
www.icdc.com/∼paulwolf
.

________. Telegram no. 197 to U.S. secretary of state, April 9, 1948; available at
www.icdc.com/∼paulwolf
.

________. Telegram (unnumbered) to U.S. secretary of state, April 9, 1948; available at
www.icdc.com/∼paulwolf
.

________. Telegram no. 190 to U.S. secretary of state, April 9, 1948; available at
www.icdc.com/∼paulwolf
.

Bedoya Lima, Jineth.
En las trincheras del Plan Patriota
. Bogotá: Intermedio Editores, 2008.

Beers, Rand. “Plan Colombia Is Well Worth US Support.”
Boston Globe
, July 9, 2001.

Bertram, Eva et al.
Drug War Politics: The Price of Denial
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

Betancourt, Ingrid.
Until Death Do Us Part: My Struggle to Reclaim Colombia
. Translated by Steven Rendall. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.

Betancourt, Ingrid; Lorenzo Delloye-Betancourt; and Mélanie Delloye-Betancourt.
Letters to My Mother: A Message of Love, a Plea for Freedom
. Danbury: Harry N. Abrams, 2008.

“Betancourt's Running Mate and Fellow Hostage Breaks with Candidate.”
Laht.com
, January 29, 2009.

Boadle, Anthony. “Obama Denies US Creating Military Bases in Colombia.”
Reuters.com
, August 7, 2009.

Botero, Jorge Enrique.
Simón Trinidad, el hombre de hierro
. Bogotá: Random House Mondadori, 2008.

________.
Últimas noticias de la guerra
. Bogotá: Random House Mondadori, 2006.

Bowman, Tom. “U.S. Role Seen in Colombia Hostage Rescue.”
NPR.org
, July 3, 2008.

Brice, Arthur, and Mariano Castillo. “17 Patients Killed in Shooting at Mexican Drug Rehab Center.”
CNN.com
, September 3, 2009.

Bridges, Tyler. “Despite Setbacks, FARC Far from Out.”
Miami Herald
, March 9, 2008.

“Bush Sends 150 Soldiers to Search for U.S. Hostages.”
USAToday.com
, February 22, 2003.

“Can Colombia Win the War?”
CNN.com
, September 30, 2009.
Backstory
sat down with CNN en Español correspondent and Colombian citizen Luis Velez after an embed with the Colombian military.

Cancel, Daniel. “Chávez Agrees to $2.2 Billion Russia Arms Credit Line (Update 1).”
Bloomberg.com
, September 14, 2009.

“Captured Colombia Rebel Sent Home.” BBC News, January 4, 2004.

Cardona, Libardo. “Colombian Rebel Turncoat Claims Betrayal.”
SignonSanDiego.com
, February 20, 2009.

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique; César Gaviria; and Ernesto Zedillo. “The War on Drugs Is a Failure.”
Wall Street Journal
, February 23, 2009.

Carlin, John. “Revealed: Chávez Role in Cocaine Trail to Europe.”
Guardian.co.uk
, February 3, 2008.

Carlsen, Laura. “A Primer on Plan Mexico.”
Americas.irc-online.org
, May 5, 2008.

Ceaser, Mike. “Colombia's Efforts Have Rebels ‘Falling Apart.'”
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 18, 2008.

Central Intelligence Agency. “Colombian Counterinsurgency: Steps in the Right Direction.” Office of African and Latin American Analysis, intelligence memorandum, January 26, 1994; available at
www.gwu.edu/∼nsarchiv
.

________. “The World Factbook: Colombia.” Cia.gov, April 23, 2009.

Charles, Robert B. “State Department's Air Wing and Plan Colombia.” On-the-
record briefing, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., October 29, 2003; available at
www.state.gov
and at
docs.google.com
.

“Chávez's Hostage Mission Collapses.”
Msnbc.com
, December 31, 2007.

Chrisafis, Angelique. “FARC Defector Starts New Life in France After Asylum Deal.”
Guardian.co.uk
, December 11, 2008.

“Clara Rojas y su versión del cautiverio.”
ElPaís.com
, January 23, 2009.

“Coca Cultivation in Andean Countries on the Rise, UN Survey Shows.” UN News Center, June 18, 2008; available at
www.un.org
.

“Cocaine Prices in the U.S.A.”
Narcoticnews.com
, October 2, 2009.

Cockes, Douglas C., and Paul C. Hooper. “Concerns Over the Need to Protect Our Professional Credentials and Reputations,” letter to Kent Kresa, December 5, 2002.

________. Northrop Grumman Corporation/California Microwave Systems SOUTHCOM Reconnaissance System Program, Bogotá, Colombia, Safety of Flight Issues Rebuttal Letter to: ‘Documentation of Written Warning' letter to Douglas Cockes, Employee #5966—October 24, 2002 [and] ‘Documentation of Written Warning' letter to Paul Hooper, Employee #5964—October 24, 2002,” letter to James G. Cassady, Roslyn Smith, cc: Douglas L. Tait, November 14, 2002.

“Colin L. Powell Holds News Briefing.” Colin L. Powell, U.S. secretary of state, Santiago, Chile, June 9, 2003. FDCH Political Transcripts. Available at
lexisnexis.com
.

“Colombia: Pastrana Ends Peace Talks, Orders Army to Attack the FARC.” STRATFOR Global Intelligence. February 21, 2002.

“Colombia to Pay Ex-Rebel Reward.” BBC News, March 14, 2008.

“Colombia Transfers Imprisoned Leftist Rebels Ahead of Mass Release.”
International Herald Tribune
, June 1, 2007.

“Colombian Hostage Crisis Ends Bloodlessly.”
New Zealand Herald
, July 5, 2008.

“Colombian Rebel Taken to Top Jail.” BBC News, January 10, 2004.

“Colombia's Leader Defends Presence of G.I.'s.”
New York Times
, February 10, 1994.

“A Compendium of Drug-War Statistics.”
Cipcol.org
, April 14, 2009.

“Conmovedor testimonio de Íngrid: ‘Duerme uno en cualquier hueco, tendido en cualquier sitio, como cualquier animal.'”
Semana.com
, November 30, 2007.

“Countering the Lies Concerning the Escape of the 15 Prisoners of War.”
machetera.wordpress.com
, July 11, 2008.

Daniel, Frank Jack. “Weapons Put Provocateur Chávez Back in U.S. Spotlight.”
Reuters.com
, September 16, 2009.

Davis, Jack. “The Bogotazo.” Cia.gov, May 8, 2007. From the CIA's
Studies in Intelligence
13, no. 4 (1969).

De Córdoba, José, and Jay Solomon. “Chávez Aided Colombia Rebels, Captured Computer Files Show.”
WSJ.com
, May 9, 2008.

De la Garza, Paul, and David Adams. “Military aid … from the Private Sector.”
St. Petersburg Times
, December 3, 2000.

De La Vega, Garcilasso.
The Royal Commentaries of Peru, in Two Parts
. Translated by Sir Paul Rycaut, Kt. London: Miles Flesher, 1688.

“Declaración y rueda de prensa del Presidente Álvaro Uribe, desde Villavicencio.” Press release, February 3, 2009; available at
web.presidencia.gov.co.

“Defense Chief in Colombia Resigns.”
New York Times
, August 3, 1995.

Del Rosario Arrázola, Rosario, and Juan David Laverde. “La nueva estrategia de ‘Cano.'”
El Espectador
(Bogotá), September 27, 2008.

Drug Enforcement Administration, Intelligence Division. “Coca Cultivation and Cocaine Processing: An Overview.” September 1993; available at
www.druglibrary.org
.

_____. The Drug Trade in Colombia: A Threat Assessment.” U.S. Department of Justice. March 2002.

Dudley, Steven. “Jungle Escape: A Tale of Abduction and Rescue.”
Reader's Digest
, March 2009.

“El País Guerrilla.”
Cambio
, May 19, 2003, p. 38.

“El poder del guerrillero que entregó al niño Emmanuel.” Las Voces del Secuestro, January 7, 2008.

Ellingwood, Ken. “Corruption Hurting Mexico's Fight Against Crime, Calderón Says.”
Latimes.com
, December 10, 2008.

Emanuelsson, Dick. “Entrevista con Lucero Palmera, guerrillera FARC y esposa de Simón Trinidad.”
Elcorreo.eu.org
, September 15, 2005.

Entregas voluntarias desmovilizados del 01-ene al 02-sep-2008
. Bogotá: Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Programa Atención Humanitaria al Desmovilizado, 2008.

Entregas voluntarias desmovilizados segundo gobierno Dr. Uribe del 07-ago-2002 al 02-sep-2008
. Bogotá: Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Programa Atención Humanitaria al Desmovilizado, 2008.

Entregas voluntarias desmovilizados segundo gobierno Dr. Uribe del 07-ago-2006 al 02-sep-2008
. Bogotá: Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Programa Atención Humanitaria al Desmovilizado, 2008.

Evans, Michael. “‘Body Count Mentalities'—Colombia's ‘False Positives' Scandal, Declassified.” The National Security Archive. January 7, 2009; available at
www.gwu.edu./∼nsarchiv
.

“Entrevista con el comandante Iván Márquez.” Agencia Bolivariana de Prensa ABP (
abpnoticias.com
). February 20, 2008.

Exclusivo: El video de las FARC sobre la operación Jaque
. Noticias Uno, Bogotá, Colombia, 2008. Video filmed by the FARC; available at
www.noticiasuno.com
.

“FARC Communique: ‘Warmongers Win.'” BBC News, January 13, 2002.

“FARC Has Offered to Free Betancourt: Uribe.” Available at
Afp.google.com
, June 13, 2008. Originally from AFP.

“FARC Statement Ending Peace Talks, January 13, 2002.” Press release, the Center for International Policy's Colombia Program, January 13, 2002; available at
www.ciponline.org
.

“FARC: ‘Terrorists' or ‘Belligerents.'” World War 4 Report, January 20, 2008.

Ferro Medina, Juan Guillermo, and Graciela Uribe Ramón.
El Orden de la guerra: Las FARC-EP entre la organización y la política
. Bogotá: Centro Editorial Javeriano, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Colciencias, 2002.

Fichtl, Eric. “Washington Has Lost Its Way in Colombia.”
Colombia Journal
, August 30, 2004.

Forero, Juan. “Ammo Seized in Colombia; 2 G.I. Suspects Are Arrested.”
NYTimes.com
, May 5, 2005.

________. “Colombia Rebels Quitting Safe Havens as Peace Talks Fail.”
New York Times
, January 14, 2002.

________. “Colombia's Army Chief Steps Down.”
Washington Post
, November 5, 2008.

________. “Deep in the Colombian Jungle, Coca Still Thrives.”
NPR.org
. December 31, 2007. Part 2 of
The Forgotten War on Drugs
series.

________. 15 Hostages Rescued in Colombia.”
Washington Post
, July 3, 2008.

________. “From Colombia's Upper Class, Rebel and His Foil Diverged.”
NYTimes.com
, December 20, 2004.

________. “In Colombia Jungle Ruse, U.S. Played a Quiet Role.”
Washingtonpost.com
, July 9, 2008.

________. “Private U.S. Operatives on Risky Missions in Colombia.”
New York Times
, February 14, 2004.

_____. “South American Leaders Assail U.S. Access to Colombian Military Bases.”
Washingpost.com
, August 29, 2009.

“Former FARC Captive Believes Rebels Will Free All Hostages Soon.” ThaiIndian News, June 11, 2008. Originally from IANS.

“Freed Rebel Ruins Hopes of Peace with Call to Fight.”
Washingtontimes.com
, June 21, 2007.

“A Friend to Iran.”
Washington Post
, September 10, 2009.

Fundación País Libre.
Estadísticas secuestro a 2006;
available at
www.paislibre.org
.

Garza, Antonio O., Jr. Message from the ambassador of the United States,
Newsletter from the Ambassador
, Embassy of the United States: Mexico. June 30, 2008.

Gechem Turbay, Jorge Eduardo.
¡Desviaron el vuelo!—Viacrucis de mi secuestro
. Bogotá: Editorial La Oveja Negra Ltda., Quintero Editores, 2008.

Other books

Star Shine by Constance C. Greene
Renegade Reborn by J. C. Fiske
Red Star Rogue by Kenneth Sewell
The Karnau Tapes by Marcel Beyer
Race For Love by Nana Malone
The Silver Shawl by Elisabeth Grace Foley
His By Design by Dell, Karen Ann
Danger Calls by Caridad Pineiro
Benjamin Generation by Joseph Prince