i bc27f85be50b71b1 (187 page)

24. Donadio J V Jr. Use of fish oil to treat paticms with immunoglobulin A

nephropathy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;7 1 ( I ),3735.

25. Couser WG. Glomerulonephritis. Lancet 1 999;353(9 1 63), 1 509.

26. Madaio MP, Harrington JT. The diagnosis of glomerular diseases: acute

glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome. Arch Intern Med

200 ] ; 1 6 1 ( 1 ),25.

27. Wright KD. Glomerulonephritis. In K Boyden, D Olendorf (eds), Gale

Encyclopedia of Medicine. Farmington Hills. MI: Gale Group. 1 999;

1 296.

28. Orth SR, Ritz E. The nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1 998;338( 1 7),

1 202.

29. Ross JS, Shua-Haim JR. Geriatrics phoro quiz. Nephrotic syndrome.

Proteinuria characterizes this condition, and treatment targets the

underlying pathology. Geriatrics 2000;55(3),80.

30. Schaeffer AJ. What do we know about the urinary tract infection-prone

individual? J Infect Dis 200 1 ; 1 83(5):566.

3 1 . Kumar S, Beel T. NSAID-induced renal toxicity: when to suspeCt, what

to do (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Consultant 1 999j39( I ):

195(6).

32. Interstitial Nephritis. In WD Glanze, LE Anderson (eds), Mosby's Medical,

Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary (5th ed). St. Louis: Mosby, 1 998;48.

33. Pak CYe. Kidney stones. Lancet 1 998;351 ( 9 1 1 8): 1 797.

34. Bernie JE, Kambo AR, Monga M. Urinary lithiasis: current treatment

options. Consultant 2000;40( 14):2340.

35. Giannini S. Nobile M, Sartori S, et 31. Acute effects of moderate dietary

protein restriction in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium

nephrolithiasis. Am J Clin Nutr 1 999;69(2),267.

36. Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 200 I ;24( I ):569.

37. Evans TC, Capell P. Diabetic nephropathy. Clin Diabetes 2000; 1 8( I ):7.

38. Mclaughlin K, Jardine AG, Moss JG. ABC of arterial and venous disease: renal artery stenosis. BM] 2000;320(7242); 1 1 24.

39. Davidson T. Renal Vein Thrombosis. In K Boyden, D Olendorf (cds),

Galc Encyclopedia of Medicine. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group,

1 999;2469.

GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

603

40. Henderson LJ. Diagnosis, rrearrnenr, and lifesryle changes of inrersritial

cystitis. AORN J 2000;7 1 (3),525.

4 1 . Lamb AR. The ABCs of interstitial cystitis: a primer for midlevel providers. Physician Assistant 2000;24( 1 2),22.

42. Genitourinary System. In JM Thompson, GK McFarland, JE Hirsch, et

al. (cds), Mosby's Manual of Clinical Nursing Practice (2nd cd). St.

Loui" Mosby, 1 989; 1 086.

43. Saunders CS. Urolithiasis: new tools for diagnosis and trearmenr.

Patient Care 1 999;33( 1 5),28.

44. Gallo ML, Fallon PJ, Staskin DR. Urinary inconrinence: steps to evaluation, diagnosis, and treatmenr. Nurse Pract '1997,22(2):2 1 .

45. Epperly TD, Moore KE. Health issues i n men: part I. common genitourinary disorders. Am Fam Physician 2000j61 (12):3657.

46. Bullock BL. Disorders of Micturition and Obstructions of Genirourinary Ttact. In BL Bullock (cd), Pathophysiology, Adaptations and Alterations in Function (4th ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1 996;646.

47. Bates P. Renal and Urologic Problems. In SM Lewis, MM Heitkemper,

SR Dirksen (eds), Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessmenr and Management of Clinical Problems (5th edt. St. Loui" Mosby, 2000; 1290-1 293.

48. Ford-Marrin PA. Nephrectomy. In K Boyden, D Olendorf (eds), Gale

Encyclopedia of Medicine. Farmingron Hills, MI: Gale Group. 1999;

2040.

49. Fornara P, Doehn C, Frese R, Jocham D. Laparoscopic nephrectomy in

young-old, old-old, and oldest-old adults. J Gerontol A Bioi Sci Soc Sci

2001 ;56(5),M287.

50. Sasaki TM. Is Japaroscopic donor nephrectomy the new criterion standard? JAMA 2000;284(20),2579.

5 1 . Ford-Martin PA. Marshall-Marchetti-Kranrz Procedure. In K Boyden, D

Olendorf (cds), Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Farmingron Hills, MI:

Gale Group, 1999; 1 877.

52. McCallig Bates P. Sharing the secrct: talking about urinary incontinence.

Nurse Pract 2000;25( I 0): 158.

53. Dean E. Oxygen transport deficits in systcmic disease and implications

for physical therapy. Phys Ther 1 997;77(2),187.

10

Infectious Diseases

Jaime C. Paz and V. Nicole Lombard

lntroduction

A patient may be admitted to the hospital setting with an infectious

process acquired in [he community or may develop one as a complication from the hospital environment. An infectious disease process generally has a primary site of origin; however, it may result in diffuse

systemic effects that may limit the patient's functional mobility and

activity tolerance. Therefore, a basic understanding of these infectious

disease processes is useful in designing, implementing, and modifying

physical therapy treatment programs. The physical therapist may also

provide treatment for patients who have disorders resulting from

altered immunity. These disorders are mentioned in this chapter

because immune system reactions can be similar to those of infectious

disease processes (see Appendix IO-A for discussions of three common disorders of altered immunity: systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and amyloidosis). The objectives of this chapter are to

provide a basic understanding of the following:

'I.

Clinical evaluation of infectious diseases and altered immune

disorders, including physical examination and laboratory studies

605

606

ACUTE CARE HANDBOOK FOR I)HYSICAL lllERAlllSTS

2.

Various infectious disease processes, including etiology,

pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management

3.

Commonly encountered altered immune disorders, includ-

ing etiology, clinical presentation, and management

4.

Precautions and guidelines that a physical therapist should

implement when treating a patient with an infectious process or

altered immunity

Definition of Terms

To facilitate the understanding of infectious disease processes, termi·

nology that is commonly used when referring to these processes is

presented in Table 10- 1 1-3

Overview of the Immune System

A person's immune system is comprised of many complex, yet syner·

gist ie, components that defend against pathogens (Table 10-2). Any

defect in this system may lead to the development of active infection.

Patients in the acute care setting often present with factors that can

create some or most of these defects, which can ultimately affect their

immune system (Table 10-3).

Evaluation

When an infectious process is suspected, a thorough patient interview

(history) and physical examination are performed to serve as a screening tool for the differential diagnosis and to help determine which laboratory tests are further required to identify a specific pathogen'

History

Potential contributing factors of the infection are sought out, such as

exposure to infectious individuals or recent travel to foreign coun·

tries. Also, a qualitative description of the symptOmatology is discerned, sllch as onset or nature of symptoms (e.g., a nonproductive versus productive cough over the past day or weeks).

Other books

Billionaire Badboy by Kenzie, Sophia
Alan E. Nourse & J. A. Meyer by The invaders are Coming
Taming the Boss by Camryn Eyde
The Alpha's Onyx & Fire by Jess Buffett
Eye of the Raven by Ken McClure
Flip This Love by Maggie Wells
Rebirth by Sophie Littlefield
Mary Connealy by Montana Marriages Trilogy