Authors: Declan Kiberd
13.
Mary Lou Kohfeldt,
Lady Gregory: The Woman Behind the Irish Renaissance,
London 1985, 62–3.
14.
Seventy Years,
44
.
15.
Ibid., 49.
16.
Ibid., 54.
17.
Kohfeldt,
Lady Gregory,
65.
18.
Augusta Gregory, "A Woman's Sonnets",
Lady Gregory: Fifty Years After,
105.
19.
Kohfeldt,
Lady Gregory,
74–5
.
20.
Quoted ibid., 75, 80.
21.
Quoted ibid., 79.
22.
Quoted ibid., 82–3.
23.
Seventy Years,
95–6.
24.
"A Woman's Sonnets", 106.
25.
Augusta Gregory, "Dervorgilla",
Selected Plays,
Gerrards Cross 1983, 155.
26.
Ibid., 156.
27.
Ibid., 158–9.
28.
Ibid., 161.
29.
The lines are by Aogán Ó Rathaille, from "Bhailintín Brún".
30.
Selected Plays,
165.
31.
Ibid., 166.
32.
Ibid., 168.
33.
Ibid., 169.
34.
W. B. Yeats,
Memoirs,
ed. D. Donoghue, London 1972, 190.
35.
Quoted by Kohfeldt,
Lady Gregory,
213.
36.
Augusta Gregory, "Grania",
Selected Plays,
189.
37.
Seventy Years,
91.
38.
Selected Plays,
190.
39.
Ibid., 197.
40.
Ibid., 187.
41.
Ibid., 205.
42.
Ibid., 210.
43.
Ibid., 212.
44.
Ibid., 214.
45.
Ibid., 213.
1.
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels,
Selected Correspondence 1846–95,
London 1934, 92, 94.
2.
John Mitchel,
Jail Journal,
Dublin 1913, 357.
1.
G. K. Chesterton,
The Autobiography of G. K. Chesterton,
New York 1936, 139.
2.
W. M. Murphy,
Prodigal Father: The Life of John Butler Yeats,
Ithaca 1978, 161.
3.
W. B. Yeats,
Autobiographies,
London 1955, 31.
4.
Ibid., 49.
5.
Ibid., 27.
6.
W. B. Yeats.
Collected Poems,
London 1950, 332.
7.
W. B. Yeats,
Collected Plays,
London 1952, 55.
8.
Peter Coveney,
The Image of Childhood,
Harmondsworth 1967, 193.
9.
F. Marryat,
Masterman Ready,
London 1878, 140.
10.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
11.
11.
Quoted
Prodigal Father,
87.
12.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
266.
13.
Ibid., 340.
14.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
5.
15.
Letter to J. R Fitzgerald, April 1947; quoted by Michael Holroyd, "GBS and Ireland",
Sewanee Review
LXXXIV, No. 1, Winter 1976, 46.
16.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
35.
17.
Ibid., 3.
18.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
136–7.
19.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
280.
20.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
199.
21.
Ibid., 347.
22.
Ibid., 381.
23.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
47.
24.
Ibid., 461.
25.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
392.
26.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
106.
27.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
113.
28.
Quoted in
Prodigal Father,
446.
29.
Allan Wade ed.,
Letters of W. B. Yeats,
London 1954, 63.
30.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
305.
31.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
21.
32.
Ibid., 204.
33.
Ibid., 205.
1.
William Henry Curran,
The Life of John Philpott Curran,
ed. R. Shelton Mackenzie, Chicago 1882, 523.
2.
Patrick O'Farrell,
Ireland's English Question: Anglo-Irish Relations 1534– 1970,
New York 1971, 14.
3.
W. B. Yeats,
Collected Poems,
4.
Ibid., 241.
5.
Matthew Arnold,
The Study of Celtic Literature,
144.
6.
Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari,
Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature,
Minneapolis 1986, 28.
7.
Chinua Achebe,
Hopes and Impediments,
London 1988, 56.
8.
Oscar Wilde,
The Artist as Critic,
300.
9.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
57.
10.
Achebe,
Hopes,
43.
11.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
515.
12.
Ibid., 515.
13.
Ibid., 531.
14.
Ibid., 244.
15.
Ibid., 473.
16.
Ibid., 438.
17.
Ibid., 437.
18.
Ibid., 93.
19.
Ibid., 485.
20.
W. B. Yeats,
Anima Mundi,
347–8.
21.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
457.
22.
Ibid., 58.
23.
Ibid., 166.
24.
Ibid., 166.
25.
Ibid., 273.
26.
Ibid., 194, 254.
27.
Deleuze and Guattari,
Kafka,
17
.
28.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
263
.
29.
Ibid., 321.
30.
Ibid., 461.
31.
Ibid., 476.
32.
Ibid., 463.
33.
Ibid., 493.
34.
W. B. Yeats, "First Principles",
Samhain,
December 1904, 20.
35.
Walt Whitman, preface to
Leaves of Grass, The Portable Walt Whitman,
ed. Mark van Doren, New York 1969, 56.
36.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
December 1904, 20.
37.
On this see Louis MacNeice,
The Poetry of W. B. Yeats,
London 1967, 41 ff. Biographical sources for Whitman here include Justin Kaplan,
Walt Whitman: A Life,
New York 1980; and Paul Zweig,
Walt Whitman: The Making of the Poet,
New York 1984.
1.
P. H. Pearse, "About Literature",
An Claidheamh Soluis,
26 May 1906, 6.
2.
J. M. Synge, Manuscripts, Trinity College Dublin, Ms 4387, 14ff.
1.
W. B. Yeats,
Ideas of Good and Evil,
London 1903, 337.
2.
W. J. O'Neill Daunt,
Personal Recollection of the late Daniel O'Connell,
London 1848, 14–15.
3.
Maureen Wall, "The Decline of the Irish Language",
A View of the Irish Language,
ed. Brian Ó Cuív, Dublin 1969, 86.
4.
Benedict Anderson,
Imagined Communities,
London 1983, 122.
5.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
October 1901, 9.
6.
Harold Bloom,
Yeats,
New York 1970, 87.
7.
W. B. Yeats,
Uncollected Prose 1,
ed. J. P. Frayne, London 1970, 361.
8.
J. M. Synge, "National Drama: A Farce",
Plays 1,
ed. Ann Saddlemyer, Oxford 1968, 221–2.
9.
Quoted by Diarmuid Coffey,
Douglas Hyde: President of Ireland,
Dublin 1938, 18.
10.
On ascendancy attitudes to Irish, see Janet Egleson Dunleavy and Gareth W. Dunleavy,
Douglas Hyde: A Maker of Modern Ireland,
Berkeley 1991, 1–136.
11.
George Moore,
Hail and Farewell,
ed. R. Cave, Gerrards Cross 1976, 238.
12.
W. B. Yeats,
Samhain,
1905, 5–6.
13.
W. B. Yeats, postscript,
Ideals in Ireland,
ed. Lady Gregory, London 1901. See also
Essays and Controversies,
10.
14.
Ibid., 38.
15.
Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger eds.,
The Invention of Tradition,
Cambridge 1983, 263–81.
16.
Douglas Hyde, "The Necessity for Deanglicizing Ireland",
The Revival of Irish Literature,
London 1894, 120.
17.
W. B. Yeats,
Essays and Introductions,
London 1961, 248.
18.
James Joyce,
Stephen Hero,
London 1977, 52.
19.
Hyde, "Necessity", 119.
20.
D. P. Moran, "The Battle of Two Civilizations",
Ideals in Ireland,
28, 30.
21.
Ibid., 36.
22.
Hyde, "Necessity", 123, 129.
23.
Quoted by David Greene, "The Founding of the Gaelic League",
The Gaelic League Idea,
ed. Seán Ó Tuama, Cork 1972, 10.
24.
Hyde, "Necessity", 129, 128.
25.
Ideals in Ireland,
55.
26.
John Berger,
About Looking,
London 1980, 35.
27.
Hyde, "Necessity", 138, 159.
28.
W. B. Yeats, "The Literary Movement in Ireland",
Ideals in Ireland,
85– 90.
29.
Quoted by Tomás Ó Fiaich, "The Great Controversy",
The Gaelic League Idea,
67. This is the best account and I rely on it accordingly.
30.
Ibid., 68.
31.
Augusta Gregory,
Seventy Years,
359.
32.
Edward Martyn,
Beltaine,
No. 2, February 1900.
33.
See Declan Kiberd,
Synge and the Irish Language,
London 1993, 224–5.
34.
Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Indian Education", 2 February 1835 minute: in
Prose and Poetry,
ed. G. M. Young, Cambridge, Mass. 1967, 729.
35.
Stephen Gwynn,
Today and Tomorrow in Ireland,
Dublin and London 1903, 59.
36.
Kevin B. Nowlan, "The Gaelic League and Other National Movements",
The Gaelic League Idea,
45.
37.
Letter from J. O. Hannay to Hyde, 15 April 1907; Tadhg McGlinchey papers.
38.
Nowlan quotes this,
The Gaelic League Idea, 47.
39.
Sean O'Casey,
Drums Under the Windows,
London 1945, 73.
40.
Caoimhghín Ó Góilidhe ed.,
Dánta árdteastais,
Dublin 1967, 8.
41.
Seán de Fréine,
The Great Silence,
Dublin 1965, 108.
42.
Eric Hobsbawm, "Inventing Traditions",
The Invention of Tradition,
15-22.
43.
Quoted in
The United Irishman,
22 June 1901.
44.
Robert Kee,
The Green Flag,
London 1972, 432.
45.
James Joyce,
Dubliners,
Harmondsworth 1992, 135.
46.
Ruth Dudley Edwards,
Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure,
London 1979, 178 (The Coming Revolution), 229 (From a Hermitage).
47.
Quoted by Myles Dillon, "Douglas Hyde",
The Shaping of Modern Ireland,
ed. Conor Cruise O'Brien, London 1960, 59.
48.
Quoted by Lady Gregory,
Seventy Years,
417.
49.
George Moore,
Hail and Farewell,
587.
50.
Michael Collins,
The Path to Freedom,
Dublin 1922. For a finely detailed study of the links between language revival and creative expression see Philip O'Leary,
The Prose Literature of the Gaelic Revival 1881–1921,
Pennsylvania 1994. Similar studies of poetry, sport, political discourse, and philosophy would in all likelihood yield equally rich results to researchers possessed of O'Leary's imaginative daring and scholarly scruple.
1.
W. B. Yeats,
Uncollected Prose 1,
255.
2.
George Moore, "Literature and the Irish Language",
Ideals in Ireland
47.
3.
D. P. Moran,
The Philosophy of Irish Ireland,
Dublin 1905, 37 ff.
4.
Stopford A. Brooke,
The Need and Use of Getting Irish Literature into the English Tongue,
London 1893, 65.
5.
John Eglinton, in
Literary Ideals in Ireland
(Eglinton et al.), London 1899, 11.
6.
George Russell, ibid., 81–2.
7.
George Russell,
Thoughts for a Convention,
Dublin and London 1917, 7.
8.
Literary Ideals in Ireland,
86.
9.
John Eglinton,
Bards and Saints,
Dublin 1906, 11.
10.
John Eglinton, "A Word for Anglo-Irish Literature",
United Irishman,
22 March 1902.
11.
Quoted by Moore,
Hail and Farewell,
166; Eglinton,
Bards and Saints,
12,7.
12.
United Irishman,
31 March 1902.
13.
John Eglinton,
Irish Literary Portraits,
26.
14.
United Irishman,
8 February 1902.
15.
A. P. Thornton,
The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies,
London 1959, 210-11.
16.
E. A. Boyd,
Appreciations and Depreciations,
Dublin 1918, 152.
17.
Ibid., 157.
18.
George Eliot,
Middlemarch,
Harmondsworth 1965, 110.
19.
D. H. Lawrence,
Women in Love,
Harmondsworth 1960, 444.
20.
Quoted by Hyde,
Oscar Wilde,
506.