Authors: Declan Kiberd
34.
Wohl,
The Generation of 1914,
5.
35.
Pearse,
Political Writings,
216.
36.
Wohl, 236.
37.
Francis Sheehy Skeffington, "An Open Letter to Thomas MacDonagh",
1916 The Easter Rising,
eds. Edwards and Pyle, 150.
38.
Coston,
O'Casey: Modern Judgements,
54.
39.
In this I follow the analysis of Ramond Williams,
Drama from Ibsen to Brecht,
Harmondsworth 1973, 161–9.
40.
C. S. Andrews,
Man of No Property,
Dublin 1982, 53–5.
41.
They were the most popular of all plays in the Abbey repertoire and
The Plough
was the most often revived: Ernest Blythe,
The Abbey Theatre,
Dublin 1963, 9. T. R. Henn says they offered audiences "a defence mechanism against the rawness of their recent memories of the 'Troubles'",
The Harvest of Tragedy
London 1956, 212.
42.
Alexander Pope, public letter to John Gay,
Daily Journal,
23 December 1731.
43.
Three Plays,
185.
44.
Lennox Robinson ed.,
Lady Gregory's Journals,
London 1946, 97.
45.
Quoted by Una Ellis-Fermor, "Poetry in Revolt",
Sean O'Casey: Modem Judgements,
108.
46.
Three Plays,
215.
1.
Francis Ledwidge, "Lament for Thomas MacDonagh",
Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing
2, 774.
2.
Reproduced in
1916: The Easter Rising
220.
3.
There is a good account of the epistolary controversy in "The Silver Tassie: Letters",
Sean O'Casey: A Collection of Critical Essays,
ed. Thomas Kilroy, New Jersey 1975, 113–17.
4.
Bertrand Russell,
Autobiography
London 1975, 283.
5.
Sean O'Casey,
Three More Plays,
London 1965, 34.
6.
Ibid., 41.
7.
Paul Fussell,
The Great War and Modern Memory,
London 1975, 26–8.
8.
Three More Plays,
38.
9.
This point is well argued by Krause, 109–22.
10.
Three More Plays,
59.
11.
Ibid., 51.
12.
Ibid., 53, 48.
13.
Ibid., 105.
14.
Ibid., 97.
15.
Ibid., 67.
16.
D. H. Lawrence,
Kangaroo,
Harmondsworth 1951, 241.
17.
Fussell, 86–8, 196.
18.
The phrase is used by Dick Diver in
Tender is the Night,
Harmondsworth 1955, 125.
19.
Letters of W. B. Yeats,
874.
20.
Henry James,
Letters 2,
ed. Percy Lubbock, New York 1920, 384.
21.
Wohl, 115.
1.
Conor Cruise O'Brien, foreword,
The Shaping of Modern Ireland,
London 1960, 10.
2.
See
The Gonne-Yeats Letters 1893–1938,
eds. McBride and Jeffares, London 1992, 293–4.
3.
W. B. Yeats,
Explorations,
New York 1962, 401. On the theme see Ganesh Devi, "India and Ireland: Literary Relations", J. McMinn ed.,
The Internationalism of Irish Literature and Drama,
Gerrards Cross 1992, 300–3.
4.
Yeats,
Essays and Introductions,
515.
5.
Dhananjay Keer,
Veer Savakar,
Popular Prabakashan, Bombay 1950–66,77.
6.
Eamon de Valera,
India and Ireland,
speech to Friends of the Freedom of India, New York 1920, 3.
7.
Ibid., 6, 8, 11, 16–17,24.
8.
See C. Desmond Greaves,
Liam Mellows and the Irish Revolution,
London 1971, 205, 216; Ramesa-Chandra Majumdar,
History of the Freedom Movement of India,
Vol. 2, 387–91, 398–402; and Liz Curtis,
The Cause of Ireland,
London 1995, 124–5, 175–6, 315–16.
9.
British Cabinet Papers, 458, 15 Jan 1920, CAB 24/96, 13(185).
10.
H. A. L. Fisher's diary, 1921. Information from Tim Pat Coogan.
11.
A. P. Thornton,
The Imperial Idea and its Enemies,
217.
12.
Dáil Éireann debates, August 1921, private sessions, 12: Sean T. O'Kelly's report.
13.
Anthony Babington,
The Devil to Pay: The Mutiny of the Connaught Rangers, India, July 1920,
London 1991, 3–4.
14.
Ibid., 7, 10, 27, 28, 63, 65, quoted 86, quoted 26.
15.
Sean T. O'Kelly,
India and Ireland,
New York 1924, 2.
16.
Ibid., 3, 4, 9.
17.
The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi,
Vol. XXII (1921–2), New Delhi 1966, 17–18.
18.
O'Kelly, 11.
19.
On this see George Gilmore,
The Irish Republican Congress,
Dublin. Rev. ed. 1978, 30, which alleges that de Valera refused Patel's request for support for his Indian Congress in its anti-imperial struggle in 1932. The IRA also seemed uninterested: Patel recorded that only Maud Gonne was keen to help.
1.
Kotsonouris,
Retreat from Revolution,
99–105 for O'Higgins's role.
2.
Terence Brown,
Ireland: A Social and Cultural History 1922–79,
London 1981, 42.
3.
W. R. Rodgers,
Irish Literary Portraits,
London 1972, 10.
4.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
533.
5.
Máirtín Ó Cadhain, "Irish Prose in the Twentieth Century",
Literature in Celtic Countries,
Cardiff 1971, 150 ff.
1.
Appendix 1,
"The Irish Times
on the Easter Rising",
1916: The Easter Rising,
247.
2.
Letters of W. B. Yeats,
349.
3.
Edward Dowden, "The Teaching of Literature",
New Studies in Literature,
London 1895, 445.
4.
Yeats,
Essays and Introductions,
104.
5.
Yeats, "The Literary Movement in Ireland",
Ideals in Ireland,
101.
6.
Yeats,
Essays and Introductions,
108.
7.
Yeats,
Explorations,
222.
8.
For more on Crashaw's 1610 sermon see Edwards,
Threshold of a Nation,
Cambridge 1979, 98–100.
9.
A. P. Rossiter, quoted by Kenneth Muir, introduction,
Richard II,
New York 1963, xxviii.
10.
Quoted by John Devitt, "English for the Irish",
The Crane Bag,
Vol. 6, No. 1, 1982, 108.
11.
James Joyce,
Ulysses,
Harmondsworth 1992, 271, 272.
12.
Nicholas Mansergh,
The Irish Question 1840–1921,
88–9.
13.
Holloway, diaries, National Library manuscripts.
14.
Quoted by Ellmann,
Oscar Wilde,
41.
15.
Sankaran Ravindran,
W. B. Yeats and Indian Tradition,
Delhi 1990, 19– 32.
16.
James Joyce,
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,
Harmondsworth 1992, 228.
17.
Edward Dowden, "The Serenity of
The Tempest", The Tempest: A Selection of Critical Essays,
ed. D. J. Palmer, London 1968, 75.
18.
Edward Dowden, "The Scientific Movement and Literature",
Studies in Literature,
London 1878, 114.
19.
Joyce,
Portrait,
205–6.
20.
Synge, preface to
The Playboy, Plays 2,
53–4.
21.
Deane,
Celtic Revivals,
48.
22.
Cited David Reed,
Ireland: The Key to the British Revolution,
London 1984, 9–11.
23.
See Paul Buhle,
C. L. R. James: The Artist as Revolutionary,
London 1988, 160.
24.
See Roberto Fernandez Retamar,
Caliban and Other Essays,
translated by Edward Baker, Minneapolis 1989.
25.
William Shakespeare,
The Tempest,
ed. Robert Langbaum, New York 1964, 55.
26.
Samuel Beckett,
Endgame,
London 1964, 32.
27.
The Tempest,
54.
28.
Ibid., 89.
29.
G. Wilson Knight,
The Crown of Life,
London, 138.
30.
The Tempest,
121.
31.
Ibid., 110.
32.
George Lamming,
The Pleasures of Exile,
London 1984, 110.
33.
Seamus Heaney,
North,
London 1975, 65.
34.
Ulysses,
235.
35.
Wilde,
The Artist as Critic,
235.
36.
Ibid., 307.
37.
Ulysses,
6.
38.
Ellis-Fermor,
The Irish Dramatic Movement,
59–90.
39.
Shakespeare,
The Winter's Tale,
40.
Wilde,
The Artist as Critic,
291.
41.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
89.
42.
Séamus Ó Buachalla, ed.,
A Significant Irish Educationalist: Educational Writings of Patrick Pearse,
Cork 1980, 353–4.
43.
Buhle,
C. L. R. James,
18.
44.
Lamming,
Pleasures, 27.
45.
Significant Irish Educationalist,
354–5.
46.
Lamming,
Pleasures,
42.
47.
Significant Irish Educationalist,
372.
48.
Aimé Césaire,
Discourse on Colonialism,
translated by Joan Pinkham, New York 1972, 21.
49.
The comparison was first made by Tomás Bán Ó Concheanainn; and later taken up by Douglas Hyde.
50.
Letters of W. B. Yeats,
414.
51.
Both
Earnest
and
Intentions
contain ideas of educational reform.
52.
Significant Irish Educationalist,
374, 377.
53.
Ibid., 377.
54.
Yeats,
Autobiographies,
291.
55.
Chris Baldick,
The Social Mission of English Criticism 1848–1932,
Oxford 1983.
1.
Quoted by R. Poirier,
A World Elsewhere,
Wisconsin 1985, 210.
2.
Tomás Ó Criomhthainn,
Allagar na hInse,
Dublin 1928, 115.
3.
Muiris Ó Súilleabháin,
Fiche Blian ag Fás,
Maynooch 1976, 196.
4.
Synge,
Prose,
140.
5.
Weldon Thornton,
J
.
M. Synge and the Western Mind,
Gerrards Cross 1979, 98 ff.
6.
These features are all discussed in, for instance, Edward Said's
Orientalism,
New York 1978.
7.
Synge,
Prose,
50–1, 140, 140.
8.
Jean-Paul Sartre,
Anti-Semite and Jew,
New York 1968, 78.
9.
W. B. Yeats,
Letters to the New Island,
Cambridge, Mass. 1934, 109.
10.
Sartre, 97.
11.
Yeats,
Essays and Introductions,
372–3, 357.
12.
Yeats,
Samhain,
1908, 8–9.
13.
On this see Thomas R. Whitaker,
Swan and Shadow: Yeats's Dialogue with History,
Chapel Hill 1964, 95–6.
14.
The phrase is Aijaz Ahmed's: see
In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures,
London 1992, 95–122.
15.
Yeats,
Essays and Introductions,
317.
16.
Yeats,
John Sherman and Dhoya,
116.
17.
Yeats,
Plays and Controversies,
95.
18.
Yeats,
Explorations,
345.
19.
Whitaker, 221.
20.
Carlos Fuentes, "Remember the Future",
Salmagundi,
Fall 1985/Winter 1986, No. 68–9, 338–43.
21.
Ibid., 338.
22.
Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History",
Illuminations,
tr. Harry Zohn, London 1973, 263.
23.
Friedrich Nietzsche,
On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life,
tr. Peter Preuss, Indianapolis 1980.
24.
Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
135.
25.
The phrase is Ernie O'Malley's,
On Another Man's Wound
Kerry 1979, 41.
26.
Quoted by Bernard Ransome,
Connolly's Marxism,
London 1980, 18.
27.
Sigmund Freud,
A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis,
tr. Joan Rivière, New York 1920, 325.
28.
George Russell,
The National Being
Dublin 1916, 81.
29.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
233.
30.
Ibid., 225.
31.
Yeats,
Uncollected Prose 2,
ed. John P. Frayne, 452.
32.
Yeats,
Collected Poems,
166–7.
33.
Lionel Trilling,
Sincerity and Authenticity
1–52 for main thesis.
34.
Jean-Paul Sartre,
Words,
tr. Irene Clephane, Harmondsworth 1967, 71.
35.
Wilde.
The Artist as Critic
358.
36.
Ibid., 375.
37.
Quoted by Isaiah Berlin,
Vico and Herder,
London 1976, 203.
38.
Yeats,
Letters to the New Island,
174.
39.
Fred Jameson,
The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act,
London 1981, 68.
40.
Yeats,
Collected Plays,
133.