Read Katherine the Queen: The Remarkable Life of Katherine Parr Online
Authors: Linda Porter
| BL | British Library |
| Cal SP Spanish | Calendar of letters, despatches and state papers relating to the negotiations between England and Spain, preserved in the archives at Vienna, Simancas, Besancon and Brussels , ed. R. Tyler et al. (London, 1867–1954) |
| L&P | Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, 1509–47 , ed. J. S. Brewer et al., 21 vols and addenda (London, 1862–1932) |
| NA | National Archives |
| ODNB | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |
1
Both the Percys and the Nevilles originally had strong Lancastrian connections which had seen them rise to become earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland respectively. Henry IV’s usurpation and the difficulties of the reign of his grandson, Henry VI, brought them into conflict with the Crown. This uneasy relationship continued throughout the Tudor era.
2
Sir William Parr, founder of the family, was a member of John of Gaunt’s retinue. He married Elizabeth de Roos in about 1380, gaining, through her, one-quarter of the barony of Kendal and lordship of Kendal Castle. The title of baron, however, eluded the Parrs until it was conferred on Katherine Parr’s brother, William, in 1539. See ODNB entry for the Parr family.
3
Precise details of how Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, met his death are lacking. He probably died in the fierce fighting as his broken forces fell back towards the town of Tewkesbury itself. Though his end may not have been at the hands of the brothers of the king, as Shakespeare depicts, it was undoubtedly violent.
4
In 1464, Edward IV had required all recipients of lands, offices and annuities to pay one-quarter of their income to the Crown. This would have been a swingeing tax in times of peace but during the civil wars, when it was difficult to manage lands effectively, it was even more harsh.
5
George, duke of Clarence, the king’s traitorous younger brother, had died in the Tower of London in 1478, almost certainly on Edward IV’s orders.
6
Ingulph’s
Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland
, transl. Henry T. Riley (London, 1854).
7
C. L. Scofield,
The Life and Reign of Edward IV
(London, 1923).
8
D. A. L. Morgan, ‘The House of Policy: The Political Role of the Late Plantagenet Household, 1422–1485’, in D. R. Starkey, ed.,
The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War
(Harlow, 1987).
9
Sir Thomas Malory,
La Morte d’Arthur
(London, 1889), preface, quoted in Derek Wilson,
In the Lion’s Court
(London, 2002).
10
Quoted in J. J. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
(London, 1997).
Two11
Susan E. James,
Kateryn Parr
,
the Making of a Queen
(Aldershot, 1999).
1
List of Maud, Lady Parr’s jewels, in her will, NA, PCC 12 Thower (1530), quoted in James,
Kateryn Parr
.
2
All that remains of Rye House today is the partially restored fifteenth-century gatehouse. In the seventeenth century it was the centre of a plot to assassinate Charles II and replace him with his Catholic brother, James.
3
Elizabeth Cheyney was the daughter of Thomas and William Parr’s only sister, Anne. She was orphaned at an early age and William Parr seems to have assumed responsibility for her.
4
Sir Thomas Parr’s
Horae ad Usum Sarum
, Cambridge University Library, quoted in James,
Kateryn Parr
.
5
Quoted in Charles Sturge,
Cuthbert Tunstal
(London, 1938).
6
Sturge,
Cuthbert Tunstal
.
7
Cuthbert Tunstall,
In Praise of Matrimony
(1518), quoted in Sturge,
Cuthbert Tunstal
.
8
This assertion is made in Anthony Martienssen,
Queen Katherine Parr
(London, 1975).
9
Sturge,
Cuthbert Tunstal
.
10
Dakota Lee Hamilton, ‘The Household of Queen Katherine Parr’ (Oxford University, D.Phil thesis, 1992).
11
E. E. Reynolds,
Thomas More and Erasmus
(London, 1965).
12
BL Additional MS 24.965, ff. 23 and 24.
13
Quoted in Martienssen,
Queen Katherine Parr
.
14
Martienssen,
Queen Katherine Parr
.
15
Quoted in Beverley A. Murphy,
Bastard Prince
(Gloucester, 2003).
16
See James,
Kateryn Parr
.
17
Quoted in
ODNB
entry for John Palsgrave.
Three18
Quoted in Murphy,
Bastard Prince
.
1
William Camden,
Britannia
(English transl., London, 1637).
2
Quoted in Gerald A. J. Hodgett,
Tudor Lincolnshire
, History of Lincolnshire VI (Lincoln, 1975).
3
S. J. Gunn, ‘The Rise of the Burgh Family, c.1431–1550’, in Phillip Lindley, ed.,
Gainsborough Old Hall
(Society of Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 1991).
4
Graham Platts,
Land and People in Medieval Lincolnshire
, History of Lincolnshire IV (Lincoln, 1985).
5
Gunn, ‘The Rise of the Burgh Family’
6
James,
Kateryn Parr
.
7
Maud Parr was correct when she referred to Borough as Sir Thomas in her will, but he was made a baron and entered the House of Lords shortly after his son married Katherine Parr.
8
Lady Elizabeth Burgh to Thomas Cromwell, 13 November 1537,
L&P
, 12, ii, 1074.
Four9
NA, PROB 11 Thower (1530), quoted in James,
Kateryn Parr
.
1
L&P
, 7, 438.
2
Katherine Parr,
Lamentation of A Sinner
, March 1548, f.Fib-iiib, quoted in James,
Kateryn Parr
.
3
The exterior of Snape Castle can be seen from the road and the path that takes visitors to the chapel. The chapel is open daily but the castle is closed to the public.
4
L&P
, 11, 772, quoted in G. W. Bernard,
The King’s Reformation
(London, 2005). For detail on the wider opposition to Henry VIII, see ch. 2 of Bernard.
Five5
Revaluations of monastic wealth were not new, but most of the great orders in the north of England had been exempt inspection. See Bernard,
The King’s Reformation
.
1
Thomas Meynell’s book, f. 1, from the Meynell MSS in Ampleforth Abbey Library, now on microfilm in the North Yorkshire Record Office, Northallerton, ZIQ/MIC 2050, quoted in Sarah L. Bastow, ‘Aspects of the History of the Catholic Gentry of Yorkshire from the Pilgrimage of Grace to the First Civil War’ (University of Huddersfield D.Phil. thesis, 2002).
2
L&P
, 11, 503.
3
L&P
, 11, i., 970, quoted in Bernard,
The King’s Reformation
.
4
L&P
, 11, 533.
5
L&P
, 11, 569.
6
For a detailed explanation of the oath written by Robert Aske and its proper interpretation, see Bernard,
The King’s Reformation
. This gives the oath in both the original and the modern spelling; I have used only the latter. Professor Bernard notes, in particular, that the beginning of the oath has been widely misinterpreted to read that the Pilgrimage was
not
for the common wealth (my italics), when, in fact, the clause should be read as a whole. It is, indeed, a ‘Pilgrimage of Grace for the common wealth’ and there should not be a comma before the first ‘but’, as appears in Geoffrey Moorhouse’s
The Pilgrimage of Grace
(London, 2002). The editor of
L&P
12 did not give the full text of the oath, which is in NA, SP1/108, f. 48.
7
L&P
, 11, 760.
8
From J. T. Fowler (ed.),
Rites of Durham, being a description or brief declaration of all the ancient monuments, rites and customs belonging or being within the monastical church of Durham before the suppression, 1539
, Surtees Society 107 (1903).
9
Many other castles in the region were similarly at risk. Some, such as Skipton, were also in disrepair.
10
L&P
, 11, 729.
11
Quoted in Bernard,
The King’s Reformation
.
12
L&P
, 11, 909.
13
L&P
, 11, 955.
14
L&P
, 11, 1064.
15
L&P
, 11, 1175.
16
L&P
, 12, i, 1022.
17
L&P
, 11, 1246.
18
L&P
, 12, i, 103.
19
L&P
, 12, i, 173.
20
L&P
, 12, i, 81.
21
L&P
, 12, i, 632.
22
L&P
, 12, i, 131.
23
L&P
, 12, ii, 101.
24
L&P
, 12, ii, 31.