Lincoln in the World (60 page)

16
. For this sketch of Marx’s early life, I have drawn primarily on McLellan,
Karl Marx: His Life and Thought
(New York, 1973); McLellan,
Karl Marx: Interviews and Recollections
(Totowa, N.J., 1981); Gabriel,
Love and Capital
(New York, 2011); and Wheen,
Karl Marx
(New York, 1999). In this paragraph, see McLellan,
Marx
, pp. 1–2 (Mosel, vineyards),
17 (“disturbing the peace” and duel); and Gabriel, locs. 1143, 1383, 1402 (pistol and saber duels), 1443. The final quotation is from a letter to Marx from his father, Dec. 9, 1837,
MECW
, v. 1, p. 688.

17
. On Marx’s marriage, Gabriel’s
Love and Capital
is particularly insightful. McLellan,
Marx
, pp. 2–5 (Marx genealogy, father’s conversion), 15 (Earls of Argyll), 18 (physical description of Jenny). Karl Marx to Jenny Marx, Dec. 15, 1863,
MECW
, v. 41, p. 499; Jenny Marx to Karl Marx, [Aug. 1844,]
MECW
, v. 3, p. 584. See also
KMIR
, p. 1; and Wheen, pp. 16–17, 49.

18
. Lenore O’Boyle, “The Democratic Left in Germany, 1848,” p. 379, quoted in Gabriel, loc. 1649; McLellan,
Marx
, p. 46 (newspaper funding);
KMIR
, p. 3 (“powerful man of twenty-four”).

19
. McLellan,
Marx
, pp. 58, 59–61; Wheen, p. 44. See also Wheen’s forward in Marx,
Dispatches for the “New York Tribune,”
x–xi.

20
. Wheen, pp. 75–76, 119; McLellan,
Marx
, p. 130; Gabriel, locs. 2489–2504.

21
. Marx and Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in Tucker, ed.,
Marx-Engels Reader
, pp. 473–83. See also Wheen, pp. 4–5.

22
. Gabriel, locs. 3421–58 (Switzerland to Sicily), and 3675 (171 newspapers);
KMIR
, p. 20 (daggers, revolvers); McLellan,
Marx
, p. 134.

23
. Gabriel, locs. 3857–70 (pistol, bayonets, etc.); Engels, “Marx and the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
,”
MECW
, v. 26, p. 127;
KMIR
, p. 16 (“no journalist”). See also Wheen, pp. 130–46. The quotes are on pp. 131–32.

24
. On the sympathies of the
Tribune
see Howe,
What Hath God Wrought
, p. 793. For Dana in Europe see Wilson,
Life of Charles A. Dana
, pp. 62–92. The first quote is on p. 74 (“vain for barbarism”). The second quote, from the
New-York Daily Tribune
, Aug. 29, 1848, is in
MAC
, p. xv. For the first Marx-Dana meeting, see also Marx,
Dispatches for the “New York Tribune
,” p. xvii.

25
. McLellan,
Marx
, pp. 226 (“Second Coming”) and 228 (“hellishly expensive”);
KMIR
, pp. xiv (“it’s a pity”), and 34–36 (Prussian intel report).

26
. McLellan,
Karl Marx
, pp. 232 (“secret propaganda society”), 236 (forming a newspaper); Engels to Marx, Feb. 13, 1851,
MECW
, v. 38, p. 289; Blitzer, “Introduction,”
American Journalism of Marx and Engels
, p. xvi (“ourselves alone”); Wheen, pp. 155 (teaching refugees), 180 (two pounds each); Blackburn,
Unfinished Revolution
, p. 3;
KMIR
, p. 43 (“electric spark”); Gabriel, locs. 4666–67 (scarf and monocle).

27
. Wheen, pp. 159 (sold their beds), 171 (nanny);
KMIR
, p. 25 (“less anxious” and “nagging daily worries”); Gabriel, loc. 5447.

28
. Howe,
What Hath God Wrought
, p. 305 (Hegel); McLellan,
Marx
, pp. 240–41 (“fulcrum of world commerce”);
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
, Jan. 7, 1849, in
MAC
, p. 12 (“moneybag republicans”); Marx to Engels, Oct. 13, 1851, in
MAC
, p. 37 (exhibition and “gold ore”);
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
, Jan.–Feb., 1850, in
MAC
, pp. 14–15 (“center of gravity”).

29
. Marx,
Dispatches for the “New York Tribune,”
p. xx (“blotting-paper vendor”); Marx to Engels, Dec. 2, 1854, in
MAC
, pp. 40–41 (second-rate thinker); Blitzer, “Introduction,”
American Journalism of Marx and Engels
, p. xvii (18 foreign correspondents).

30
. Marx,
Dispatches for the “New York Tribune,”
pp. 24–27 (China), 51–53 (Greek insurrection), 72–84 (Spanish revolution), 234–37 (Indian revolt); Lincoln to Charles Wilson, June 1, 1858,
CWL
, v. 2, pp. 456–57 (“extensively read”); Lincoln to Greeley, June 27, 1848,
CWL
, v. 1, p. 493 (wrote Greeley); Blitzer, “Introduction,”
American Journalism of Marx and Engels
, p. xx (more than 350); Herndon to Theodore Parker, Sept. 25, 1858, and Oct. 4, 1858, in Newton,
Lincoln and Herndon
, pp. 220–22 (on the Trib); Gabriel, loc. 5896 (byline on “front news page”). Robin Blackburn concludes that “it is likely that [Lincoln] read quite a few of the articles Marx wrote for the
Tribune
” (Blackburn,
Unfinished Revolution
, p. 4).

31
. McLellan,
Marx
, p. 284 (“newspaper muck”); Wheen, p. 170 (sleeping during day);
KMIR
, p. 35;
MAC
, pp. xvii (illegible scrawl and “letters”), and xviii (“decided opinions of his own” and “appropriated all my articles”).

32
. “By the outbreak of the [American Civil War],” writes R. J. M. Blackett, “the mechanisms for molding public opinion [in Britain] had long been established. The movement against West Indian slavery, for instance, had employed a combination of meetings, lectures, pamphlets, newspapers, agents, and petitions in its effort to frame public opinion and pressure Parliament to free the slaves. The agitation around the Civil War drew on this tradition, but it was complicated by the fact that, in this instance, the issues involved matters over which the British government had no direct control.” (Blackett,
Divided Hearts
, p. 123. See also p. 169.) See also Monaghan, p. 47.

33
. Tucker, ed.,
Marx-Engels Reader
, pp. 579–85 (“planless, knotted chaos”); McLellan,
Marx
, p. 263 (convenient location); Wheen, p. 265 (stole); Gabriel, loc. 5216 (“great cotton lord”); Jenny Marx to Engels, Dec. 2, [1850,]
MECW
, v. 38, p. 250;
KMIR
, pp. xv–xvi (“There’s Frederick!”).

34
. McLellan,
Marx
, pp. 281 (“bubbling and boiling”), 262 (“hotting up”), 260 (Chartists), and 360 (withdrawn from politics). See also Marx,
Dispatches for the “New York Tribune,”
pp. 49–50 (on the lookout).

35
. Wheen, pp. 219–22 (windfall, Moor, and pawnshop);
KMIR
, pp. 37 (“princely dwelling”), 99 (horse); Gabriel, loc. 6365 (St. Paul’s view);
MAC
, pp. xviii (“out of the muck”), and xix (“
gebothert”
and “lousy Yankees”).

36
. Marx,
New York Daily Tribune
, Oct. 19, 1853, quoted in Wheen, pp. 187–88 (“What he aims at”); Marx,
Dispatches for the “New York Tribune,”
pp. 150 (“idol”), 191 (“vampyres”), 192 (“industrial slaveholders”), 196 (irresponsible).

37
. Marx to Engels, Jan. 11, 1860, in MAC, p. 247.

38
. Marx to Engels, July 11, 1861, in ibid., pp. 249–50; Marx to Lion Philips, May 6, 1861, in ibid., pp. 247–48 (“last card”). See also ibid., pp. xxii–xxiii.

39
. Marx to Engels, Jan. 1, 1860, in ibid., p. 247; Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, pp. 1–8 (behind the times); “British Empire,”
New
Encyclopaedia Britannica (Micropaedia
), v. 2, p. 529 (Britain bans).

40
. Jones and Rakestraw, eds., “Diplomacy of the Civil War,” in
American Foreign Relations since
1600
: A Guide to the Literature
, p. 372 (property rights); Trefousse,
Lincoln’s Decision for Emancipation
, pp. 4–5 (racism and first quote); Lincoln to Orville Browning, Sept. 22, 1861,
CWL
, v. 4, p. 532.

41
. Lincoln, “Speech at Hartford, Conn.,” Mar. 5, 1860, CWL, v. 4, pp. 5–6, 10; Lincoln, “Remarks to Committee of Reformed Presbyterian Synod,” July 17, 1862,
CWL
, v. 5, pp. 327; Forney,
Anecdotes of Public Men
, v. 1, p. 265, in
RW
, p. 161.

42
. Franklin,
Emancipation Proclamation
, p. 14 (first inaugural); Foreman,
World on Fire
, p. 106 (Seward to his diplomats); Trefousse,
Lincoln’s Decision for Emancipation
, p. 17; Marx, “The American Question in England,” Oct. 11, 1861, in
Dispatches for the “New York Tribune
,” pp. 266–76.

43
. Marx and Engels,
Civil War in the United States
, pp. 27–31; Runkle, “Karl Marx and the American Civil War,” p. 122; Kempton, “K. Marx, Reporter,” p. 2; Mott,
American Journalism
, p. 216 (number of newspapers).

44
. See, for example, Holzer, “ ‘If I Had Another Face, Do You Think I’d Wear This One?’ ” p. 57; Burlingame, “Lincoln Spins the Press,” p. 65; and Carwardine, “Abraham Lincoln and the Fourth Estate,” p. 9.

45
.
HL
, pp. 231–32, 389; and Harper,
Lincoln and the Press
, pp. 18, 20, 45–46 (composing rooms); Monaghan, p. 16; and Thomas,
Abraham Lincoln
, p. 196 (bought a printing press); RW, pp. 483 (“Greeley is so rotten”) and 498 (pumped visiting correspondents); Welles,
Diary
, v. 2, pp. 111–12, entry for Aug. 19, 1864;
ALAL
, v. 2, p. 144 (lost sleep); Carpenter,
Inner Life
, p. 156 (“they ‘lie’ ”).

46
. Carpenter,
Inner Life
, p. 77 (pear).

47
. Trefousse,
Lincoln’s Decision for Emancipation
, p. 8; Jessie Benton Fremont, “The Lincoln Interview: Excerpt from ‘Great Events,’ ” in Herr and Spence, eds.,
Letters of Jessie Benton Fremont
, pp. 264–69; Hay,
Diary
, p. 123, entry for [Dec. 9, 1863]. See also Donald,
Lincoln
, pp. 314–15; Goodwin, pp. 389–92; Oates,
With Malice Toward None
, loc. 5154;
ALAL
, v. 2, pp. 205–6.

48
. W. McCaully to Lincoln, Sept. 20, 1861, ALP, LOC; Herndon to Lyman Trumbull, Nov. 20, 1861, Trumbull Papers, LOC; Herndon, “Facts Illustrative of Mr. Lincoln’s Patriotism and Statesmanship,” p. 180; Herndon to unknown recipient, Jan. 15, 1874, in Hertz,
Hidden Lincoln
, p. 82 (“never ran”). See also Foner,
Fiery Trial
, p. 178; Donald, “
We Are Lincoln Men
,” pp. 87–88;
RW
, p. 254. The brackets in the “iron rings” quote are Fehrenbacher’s.

49
. Lester,
Life and Public Services of Charles Sumner
(New York, 1874), pp. 359–60, cited in RW, p. 295 (“This thunderbolt”); Statement of Emil Preetorius to J. McCan Davis, Dec. 2, 1898, Tarbell Papers, Allegheny College, cited in ibid., p. 370 (“rather be a follower”); Sumner to Lieber, Sept. 17, 1861, in Pierce, ed.,
Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner
, v. 4, p. 42 (“vain”); Sumner to Elizabeth, Duchess of Argyll, Aug. 11, 1862, Sumner Papers,
Harvard University, cited in
RW
, p. 435 (“time is essential”).

50
. Marx, “The Dismissal of Fremont,”
Die Presse
, Nov. 26, 1861, in
MAC
, pp. 109–11. See also Marx, “Civil War in the United States,”
Die Presse
, Nov. 7, 1861, in ibid., pp. 87–94.

51
. Schurz,
Reminiscences
, v. 2, pp. 309–10; Hay,
Diary
, p. 23, entry for May 11, 1861; Thayer,
Life of John Hay
, v. 1, pp. 101–3.

52
. Schurz,
Reminiscences
, v. 1, pp. 139–40.

53
.
KMIR
, p. 28 (“pigmy-struggles” and teenage girls); Marx to Lion Philips, May 6, 1861, in MAC, pp. 247–48; McLellan,
Marx
, pp. 287–88; Blitzer, “Introduction,”
American Journalism of Marx and Engels
, p. xxiii;
MAC
, p. xix (“jackass”). See also Dana,
Recollections
, pp. 1–2.

54
. Marx to Engels, Feb. 13, 1860,
MECW
, v. 41, p. 47 (“stone-broke”); Marx to Engels, Jan. 18, [1861], ibid., v. 41, p. 247 (“Job”); Marx to Engels, June 18, 1862, in ibid., v. 41, p. 380 (“indescribable”); Marx to Engels, Aug. 20, [1862,] in ibid., v. 41, p. 411 (“green”). See also Wheen, pp. 241 (“stone-broke”), 245 (lemonade and castor oil), and 254 (“start some sort of business”); Gabriel, locs. 7092 and 7309;
MAC
, p. xx (“Hemmorrhoidarius”);
KMIR
, p. 40 (smallpox); McLellan,
Marx
, p. 321 (“pawnbrokers”).

55
. Gabriel, locs. 7364, 7106;
KMIR
, p. 102;
MAC
, p. xxii (Tussy recollection); Marx to Engels, May 6, 1862, in ibid., p. 258 (“painfully miss”); Marx to Engels, Apr. 28, 1862, in ibid., p. 257 (“correct views”). See also ibid., p. xx (conservative
Die Presse
).

56
. Sanford to Seward, May 12, 1861, “Private,” Despatches from U.S. Ministers (Belgium), NARA; Schurz to Seward, Sept. 14, 1861, no. 18, Despatches from U.S. Ministers (Spain), NARA; Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
, pp. 16–17 (war powers); Wilson, ed.,
Intimate Memories of Lincoln
, p. 12. See also Ferris,
Desperate Diplomacy
, p. 184; Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, v. 2, p. 91;
ALAL
, v. 2, pp. 333–34; and Burlingame,
Inner World
, p. 175.