423.
Ross-Smith,
Triumph in the Philippines
, p.3-8.
424.
ibid.
425.
ibid.
426.
Volckmann’s War Diary, 17 February 1944; Blackburn Oral History, 195, MHI; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report, USAFIP-NL G3’, p.9-11, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
427.
Volckmann radiogram to MacArthur, September - December 1944, “Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters,’ The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 3, MHI.
428.
Krueger, “Memorandum: Procurement, Recognition, Supply, and Disposition of Guerrilla Units’, 3 May 1945, USAFIP-NL General Orders, RG 409, Box 468, NARA.
429.
Volckmann, FM 31-21
Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare
, 11-12.
430.
Small Wars Manual
, p.17-32.
431.
ibid, p.1-9.
432.
Blackburn Oral History, p.235-54, MHI; Framed decree from the Philippine President, 1947, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
433.
Blackburn Oral History, p.235-54, MHI.
434.
USAFIP General Order #21, 3 December 1944. RG 409, Box 468, NARA. Volckmann later had O’Day extradited back to the United States but it is likely that O’Day never stood trial or went before any tribunals.
435.
Lapham,
Lapham’s Raiders
, p.1-11, 148; Volckmann’s War Diary, 1-3 September 1942, 8 August 1943.
436.
Lapham,
Lapham’s Raiders
, p.29-30.
437.
Lapham,
Lapham’s Raiders
, p.119.
438.
Interviews with Russell Volckmann, Jr., William Volckmann, and Helen Volckmann. All three confirm that Volckmann was a man of unfathomable reserve. Rarely did he ever speak of anything that occurred in the Philippines, Korea, or with OCPW.
439.
Arnold,
A Rock and a Fortress
, p.209-210.
440.
Hunt, Ray, and Bernard Norling,
Behind Japanese Lines
, p.218.
441.
Volckmann, “Career Chronology of Russell W. Volckmann,’ attachment to 21 March 1969 letter to History Office, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, Special Operations Archives; Interview with Russell Volckmann Jr.; Volckmann, “Tehran Breifing: The Potentialities of Guerrilla Warfare,’ April 1956, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
442.
Volckmann, “Career Chronology of Russell W. Volckmann,’ attachment to 21 March 1969 letter to History Office, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, Special Operations Archives; Interviews with Russell Volckmann Jr. and William Volckmann; United States Military Academy,
USMA Fifty-Year Book
, 1934-1984, p.182-83.
Bibliography
Primary Sources:
Arnold, Robert H.
A Rock and a Fortress
. Sarasota: Blue Horizon Press, 1979.
Blackburn, Donald D; Brigadier General, USA (Ret). Interview by Lieutenant Colonel Robert B. Smith, USAF. Senior Officer’s Oral History Program (Project 83-9). U.S. Army Military History Institute, 1983.
The Donald D. Blackburn Collection. Collection of personal papers, photographs, letters and official documents in possession of Blackburn and family.
Field Manual 31-20:
Operations Against Guerrilla Forces.
Fort Benning (Georgia): The Infantry School, 1950.
Field Manual 31-21:
Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Forces.
Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1951.
Field Manual 31-15:
Operations Against Irregular Forces.
Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1961.
Field Manual 31-16:
Counter-guerrilla Operations.
Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1967.
Hunt, Ray C. and Bernard Norling.
Behind Japanese Lines.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
Lapham, Robert.
Lapham’s Raiders
. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995.
Office of the President of the Philippines.
Victory at Bessang Pass.
Macapagal Administration, 1962. Publication commemorating the 17th anniversary of the final victory of the USAFIP, North Luzon.
Peterson, A.H., ed,
The Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and
Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese on Luzon, World War II.
Memorandum 3655, U.S Air Force Project Rand. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, July 1963. Panel on which Volckmann discussed the vitality of air support to guerrilla operations and made recommendations for future implementation. Ramsey, Edwin P. Interview conducted by author. 3 August 2008. Special Operations Archives, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center.
File: Volckmann, Russell W.
Letters dated 21 March 1969, 1 August 1975.
File: Bank, Aaron
Letters dated 17 February 1968, 3 April 1968, 27 February 1973.
Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Philippine Archives Collection, National Archives II, Record Group 407.
Box 250. Battle Records.
Box 251. Intelligence Reports.
Box 255. “Guerrilla Resistance Movement in the Philippine Islands.” Monograph composed by Major General Charles Willoughby;
Radio log of Volckmann’s communication with SWPA.
Box 258. “Volckmann’s History,” Claude Thorpe File, CagayanApayao Forces.
Box 297. Ablan’s Guerrillas.
Box 465. General Orders, GHQ, USAFIP, North Luzon. Orders issued
periodically from GHQ spanning September 1943–May 1945. Box 468. More General Orders and Correspondence, USAFIP-NL.
Box 539. Maps of USAFIP, North Luzon Area of Operations, Tables of Organization and Equipment.
Box 543. After-action reports of pilots who conducted strafing runs on targets designated by Volckmann’s forward air controllers. Records of the Army Staff, National Archives II, Record Group 319. Box 12, 15. OCPW, correspondence and position papers outlining
operational concepts and principles for Special Operations Forces. The Volckmann Family Collection. Volckmann, Russell W. Assorted personal papers—Contains notes, letters, photographs and official documents with Army seal. Spans from 1917 until death.
Volckmann, Russell W. “Guerrilla Days in North Luzon: A Brief Historical Narrative of a Brilliant Segment of the Resistance Movement during Enemy Occupation of the Philippines 1941–1945.” Camp Spencer, La Union (Philippines): United States Army Forces in the Philippines, 1946. First Division Museum.
Volckmann, Russell W. “The War Diary of Russell W. Volckmann, 1941–1944.” Combat diary composed by Volckmann from 8 December 1941 to 16 June 1944. Entries from 16 June until V-J Day remain unaccounted for. Copy provided by the Volckmann Family.
Volckmann, Russell W.
We Remained
. New York: Norton, 1954. Volckmann, Jr., Russell W. Interviews conducted by author. February–June 2007.
Volckmann, William. Interviews conducted by author. February–June 2007.
Volckmann, Helen. Interviews conducted by author. August 2008.
U.S. Army Military History Institute, Army Historical Education Center.
“The Russell W. Volckmann Papers.”
Box 1. G3 Operations.
Box 2. Duplicates.
Box 3. Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters.
Box 4. G3 Operations (cont’d); USAFIP-NL After-Battle Report.
Box 5. Miscellaneous Papers and Maps.
Box 6. G2 Periodic Reports; Intelligence Summaries.
Box 7. G2 Weekly Reports.
United States. FMFRP 12-15:
Small Wars Manual
. Washington, DC: United States Marine Corps, 1935.
United States Military Academy.
The Howitzer, 1934: The Annual of the Corps of Cadets.
Volume 37, 1934.
United States Military Academy.
The Register of Graduates and Former Cadets.
Volume 200, 2003.
United States Military Academy.
USMA Fifty Year Book, 1934–1984.
1984. This is a reunion publication for the Class of 1934. Helen Volckmann and Don Blackburn contributed to the memorial page for Russell Volckmann.
Secondary Sources:
Birtle, Andrew J.
U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine 1942–1976.
Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 2006.
Daugherty, William E. and Morris Janowitz.
A Psychological Warfare Casebook
. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1958.
Evanhoe, Ed.
Darkmoon: Eighth Army Special Operations in the Korean War
. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
Harkins, Phillip.
Blackburn’s Headhunters.
New York: WW Norton, 1955.
Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin Marion Snell.
Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942
. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1953.
McClintock, Michael.
Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counter-Terrorism, 1940-1990
. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992.
Morton, Louis.
The Fall of the Philippines.
Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1953.
Ney, Virgil.
Notes on Guerrilla Warfare: Principles and Practices.
Washington, DC: Command Publications, 1961.
Paddock, Alfred H.
US Army Special Warfare: Its Origins
. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1982.
Paschall, Colonel Rod.
A Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953
. Carlisle Barracks: Army Military History Institute, 1988.
Smith, Robert Ross.
Triumph in the Philippines.
Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1963.
Index
Ablan, Roque
Abra Province
Abucay Hacienda
Adduru, Marcelo
Agno River Valley
Agno River
Anderson, Lt. (-)
Antipolo tribe
Aparri, North Luzon
Apayao Province
Aquino, Esuebio
Araki, Gen. (-)
Army Field Manual
Counterinsurgency
Army Field Manual
Operations Against Guerrilla Forces
Army Field Manual
Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare
Army Special Forces
Arnold, Col. Rob
Bacsil, North Luzon
Bagabas, barrio of
Baguio, North Luzon
Baison, Daisy
Baldwin, Capt. Rufino
Banban, Luzon
Bank, Col Aaron
Barnett, Capt. George M.
Barrio Caut, Luzon
Bataan Death March
Bataan Peninsula, Siege of
Benguet
Benning, Luzon
Bernia, Vicente
Bessang Pass, battle of
Bessang Pass, North Luzon
Biason, Dr. (-)
Blackburn, Capt. Donald D.
Antipolo; Aquino; arrives at Demson’s Camp; arrives in North Luzon; Bernia’s home; captures a spy; commands the 11th Infantry; depart for Oding; departs Lapham’s camp; departs Thorp’s camp; escape from Bataan; execution of spies; Fassoth Camp, guerilla warfare; Guimba, headquarters at Lusod; Ifugao; impressed by Demson’s camp; Japanese capture Lusod camp; Japanese devastation; malaria; meeting with Moses and Noble; more supplies arrive; Moses’ and Noble’s plan; moving north; plans to escape Bataan; recon mission to find more American’s; Red Floyd; repairs the phone line to Bobok; strength returns; Sumulpuss, Luzon; Thorp; Volckmann’s legacy
Blair, Col. Melvin
Bobok, North Luzon
Bokod, Luzon
Bontoc, Luzon
Brougher, Gen. William
Bruce, Cpl
“Bruno”
Bunche, (-)
Bureau of Constabulary
Cabugao, North Luzon
Cagayan Province
Cagayan Valley
Calvert, Capt. Parker
Camp #1
Camp #2
Camp Holmes, Baguio
Camp John Hay, Philippines
Camp O’Donnell, Luzon
Caraw, barrio of
Cayler, Col. Peter
Central Intelligence Agency
Central Plains of Luzon
Clinton
Herald
“Cold War,”
Collins, Gen. J. Lawton
Cordillera Central
Cubas, Maj. (-)
Cushing, Charlie
Cushing, James
Cushing, Walter
Dagwa, Capt. Bado Dalaprit, Luzon Deleon, Lt. (-)
Demson, (-)
Dinalupihan, Luzon
Dodds, Hattie Mae
Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight D.
Ekip, Luzon
Ely, Col. Louis B.
Emergency War Plan
Enriquez, Capt. Manolo
“Evacuation camp”
Far East Air Force
Fassoth camp
Fassoth, Bill
Fassoth, Martin
Fertig, Wendell
Field Order #27
Fish, (–)
Floyd, Sgt. Red
Fort Benning, Georgia
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Fort Sam Houston, Texas
Fort Snelling, Minnesota
Fort Stotsenburg, Luzon
French, Enoch
G3 After-Battle Report
Gabu, North Luzon
USS
Gar
Gattie, Pvt. (-)
USS
Grant
Guerrero (-)
Guerrilla Days in North Luzon
Guerrilla Recognition Program
Guimba, Luzon
Gumabay, Sgt. Emilio
Hayashi, Col. (-)
Herrin, Mr. (-)
Highway 3
Highway 4
Highway 5
Highway 7
Highway 11
Highway 13
Horan, Col. John P.
Hukbalahap
Hunt, Ray
Ifugaos tribe
Igorot tribes
Igoten Mines
Ilocanos tribe
Ilocos Norte, Luzon
Ilocos Sur, North Luzon
Ilocos-Tangadan Operations
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Isabela Province
Japanese Army Units
Formosa Infantry
, 196
2d Tank Division
14th Army
19th Tora Divison
23d Division
58th Independent Brigade
103d Division
Jincos family
Kalinga, North Luzon
Kamayong, chief
Kempei Tai
Kiangan, North Luzon
King, Gen. Edward
Kluege, Herman
Korean War
Krueger, Gen. Walter
La Paz, Luzon
La Union Province
Lapham, Robert
Lepanto-Mankayan Operations
Lingayen Gulf
Loo Valley, North Luzon
Lusod Sawmill Company
Lusod, Luzon
Luzon Guerrilla Army Force
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas
“I shall return” “ Military Advisor to the Commonwealth” not much to inspire; “ Orange Plan” staff meeting; visits 11th Regiment; Volckmann reports to
Magsaysay, Ramon
Main Line of Resistance
Manila Bay
Mankayan Ridge
Manriquez, Maj. Romulo
Mapayao, North Luzon
Marauka, LtGen Yutaka
Marshall, Gen. Richard J.
McClure, Gen. Robert A.,
McGee, Col. John H.
Metzger, Miss Myrtle
Midway, Battle of
Molintas, Dennis
Moore, Gen. James E.
Mountain Province
Mt. Arayat
Mt. Namandaraan
Mt. Natib
Mt. Pinatubo
Murphy, Capt. Art
Nakar, Capt. Guillermo
National Defense Act
Natunin, Luzon
Nishiyama, LtGen. Fukutaro
Noble, Lt. Col. Arthur K.
Nonpaling, Luzon
North Luzon
Northern Luzon Forces
Nueva Vizcaya Province
O’Day, Capt. John
Oding, Luzon
Office of Strategic Services
Office of the Chief Psychological Warfare
Olongapo, Luzon
Operation Jedburgh
Orange Plan
Pampanga Province
Paschall, Col. Rod
Pearl Harbor attack
Peryam, Capt. William
Petit, Lt. (-)
Philippine Army Units:
1st Division
11th Division
11th Infantry
11th Regiment
arrives in Bataan; defense of Manila Bay; Guagua; Highway La Paz River; Lingayen Gulf; Mt. Arayat; withdraws from Lingayen; withdraws to Concepcion
12th Regiment
13th Division
14th Regiment
15th Regiment
21st Division
31st Division
41st Division
51st Division
61st Division
66th Infantry
71st Division
81st Division
91st Division
101st Division
121st Regiment
departs La Paz; withdraws toward Bataan
Philippine Army Mobilization Plan
Philippine Campaign
Philippine Constabulary
Philippine Ryukyu Command
Philippine Scouts
Pilar-Bagac Road
Praeger, Capt. Ralph
Psychological Warfare Center
Quezon, Manuel
Radio station KGEI
Rand Corporation
Reorganization Plan of 1943
Robinson, Capt (-)
USS
Rocky Mount
Roosevelt, President Franklin D.
Roxas, Manuel
Royal, Adm. Forrest B.
Royal, Kenneth
Russo-Japanese War of 1905
San Fernando, North Luzon
San Fernando-Bacsil Operations
San Nicolas, Luzon
Shattuck Military Academy
Sipin, Maj. Diego
Smoller, John
Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA)
Special Order #129
Spessard, Miss Lottie
USS
Stingray
Straughn, Col. (-)
Sumulpuss, Luzon
Swanson, Congressman Charles E.
Swick, Herb
Taboy River Valley
Tamicpao, chief
Tangadan, North Luzon
Tarlac Province
Terau, Col. Sotomu
Thorp, Col. Claude
Tojo, Hideki
Townsend, Col. (-)
Tuguegarao, North Luzon
Tydings-McDuffie Act
United Nations Civil Assistance Command
United Nations Partisan Infantry in Korea
United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)
2d Infantry Division
3d Infantry Division
6th Infantry Division
9th Infantry Regiment
10th Special Forces Group
11th Airborne Division
13th Armored Division
26th Cavalry
(PS)
31st Infantry Division
32d Infantry Division
43d Infantry Regiment (PS),
45th Infantry (PS),
59th Coastal Artillery
60th Coastal Artillery
82d Airborne Division
86th FA (PS),
91st Coastal Artillery
92nd Coastal Artillery
123d Infantry Regiment
133d Infantry Division Iowa National Guard
200th Coastal Artillery
308th Bomb Wing
511th Airborne Infantry Regiment
Army Special Forces
Eighth Army
Far East Air Force
I Corps
II Corps
Sixth Army
United States Armed Forces in the
Philippines-North Luzon
United States Military Academy
Valera, Lt. (-)
Victoria, Luzon
Vigan, Luzon
Volckmann, Nancy
Volckmann, Russell William
a landing site for an invasion; accepts Yamashita’s challenge; ADC, 82d Airborne Division; Allied landing at Leyte Gulf; amnesty proclamation about executing spies; Aquino; Army Field Manual,
Operations Against Guerrilla Forces
; Army Field Manual
Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare
175, 177, 185–186; Army Special Forces; Army War College; arrives at Demson’s Camp; arrives in Bataan; arrives in La Paz; arrives in North Luzon; arrives in the Philippines; arrives in Tokyo; ASofS, Army Personnel Division; assigned to 11th Regiment; authority to deal with Army Bomb Wing; Banban, Luzon; Barnett; Bataan Death March; Bernia; Bessang Pass, battle of; Bessang Pass, North Luzon; Biason, Dr. (-); Blackburn, Capt. Donald D.; Bokod, Luzon; Bruno as ace in the hole; Bureau of Constabulary; captures a spy; Cayler, Col. Peter; Central Intelligence Agency; combat against the Japanese; commands 11th Regiment; communications with SWPA; completes parachute training; critical leadership; decides to become a guerrilla; Delaprit, 80; Deleon, 71, 79; depart for Oding; departs Fassoth camp; departs for Ifugao; departs Lapham’s camp; departs Thorp’s camp; diary; Distinguished Service Cross; dysentery; Emergency War Plan; end of diary; enemy activity at alltime low; enemy says he outfoxed them; Enriquez, Capt. Manolo; escape from Bataan; evacuates the Haliap camp; execution of spies; family; Fassoth Camp; Fassoth, Bill; Fassoth, Martin; “Father of Special Forces”; Field Order #27, 135; finds a radio; finds an ally in Blackburn; five military districts; forward air controller concept; frustrated and laying low;
G3 After-Battle Report
; gets support from Kruger; guarantees to the local civilians; guerilla warfare;
Guerrilla Days in North Luzon
; Guimba; Gumabay, Sgt. Emilio; headquarters at Lusod; headquarters in the Haliap lands; help arrives; Hukbalahap’s; Ifugao; impressed by Demson’s camp; IOAC, Fort Benning; Japanese approach Lusod; Japanese capture Lusod camp; Japanese devastation; Japanese supply system to be the target; Japanese surrender overtures; joins OCPW; Kiangan camp; Korean War; Krueger; Lapham; legacy; limited options; Lingayen Gulf; Lusod camp; MacArthur’s visit; malaria; meeting with Moses and Noble; meets MacArthur in Japan; message center; modern Counterinsurgency doctrine; Molintas, Dennis; more supplies arrive; Moses’ and Noble’s plan; most significant contribution; moving north; need for a permanent special operations command; not best judge of character; not happy with methods in Korea; observes the Allied invasion; ordered to abandon equipment; ordered to the Infantry Center, Fort Benning; organizing a guerrilla army; pagan priests; Pearl Harbor attack; placed under U.S. Sixth Army command; planned 3d Battalion counterattack; plans to escape Bataan; postwar; postwar Philippines; progress reports; promoted to Brigadier General; promoted to Colonel; promoted to major; psychological warfare; radio communication with MacArthur; radio station KGEI; Rand Corporation; Red Floyd; regiment losses at La Paz; rehabilitation program; relocates to La Union Province; Reorganization Plan of; reports to MacArthur; returns home; returns to GHQ; returns to the Philippines; secures civilian support; senior ranking officer in North Luzon; Shattuck Military Academy; Special Order #129; start of a new life; strangling the enemy; strength returns; summons from Eisenhower; Sumulpuss, Luzon; supplies improve; Thorp; thought missing in action; visits 31st Infantry; alter Reed Army Hospital; wearing down the Japanese; West Point; wife files for divorce; Yamashita surrenders to; Yamashita’s tribunal; year end diary entries
Volckmann Jr., Russell
Wainwright, Gen. Jonathan
Western Luzon
Whiteman, Lt. (-)
Yamashita, Gen. Tomiyuki
Zambales Mountains
Zaragoza, Luzon, 28