Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (163 page)

146 Medvedev, op. cit., 294–6.

147 Ibid., 219–23.

148 Fitzroy Maclean,
Eastern Approaches
(London 1966 ed.) 119–20.

149 For details of the use of torture, see Medvedev, op. cit., 259–70, 286.

150 Simon Wolin and Robert
M.Slusser
,
The Soviet Secret Police
(New York 1957), 194; Antoni
Ekart
,
Vanished Without Trace
(London 1954), 244.

151 Medvedev, op. cit., 239; Conquest, op. cit., 525–35; see also Iosif Dyadkin’s calculations,
Wall Street Journal
, 23 July 1980, which are similar.

152 Laqueur, op. cit., 266–7.

153 For right-wing intellectuals, see Richard Griffiths,
Fellow-Travellers, of the Right: British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany 1933–1938
(London
1980), and Alastair Hamilton,
The
Appeal of Fascism: a Study of Intellectuals and Fascism
1919–1945
(London 1971); see also Malcolm Muggeridge,
The Thirties
(London 1940), 281–2.

154 For Stalin’s anti-Semitism, see Medvedev, op. cit., 493ff.; he gives a list of books banned by Stalin on p. 524; for Gorky, see Hingley, op. cit., 241–2.

155
The Letters of Lincoln Steffens
,
ed
. E.Winter and G.Hicks, 2 vols (New York 1938), II 1001.

156
Shaw
,
The Rationalization of
Russia
(Blodmington, Ind., 1964 ed.), 112.

157 Quoted by Jean Lacourure,
André Malraux
(New York 1975), 230.

158 Quoted by Sidney Hook in
Encounter
, March 1978.

159 Cohen, op. cit., 376.

160
Muggeridge
,
Chronicles of Wasted
Time
, 254–5.

161 Walter Duranty,
The Kremlin and the People
(New York 1941), 65.

162 Quoted in Hollander, op. cit., 164.

163 Trilling, in
The Last Decade
, ‘Art, Will and Necessity’.

164 Ibid.,, A Novel of the Thirties’.

9 The High Noon of Aggression

1 Manchester, op. cit., 7.

2 James Margach,
The Abuse of Power
(London 1978).

3 Barnett, op. cit., 291; Mary Agnes
Hamilton
,
Arthur Henderson
(London 1938).

4 Beasley, op. cit., 245.

5
Documents on British Foreign
Policy, 2
, ix No. 43; see Ian Nish,
Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869–
1942
(London 1977), 260ff.

6 Barnett, op. cit., 300.

7 Middlemass and Barnes, op. cit., 729.

8 James Neidpath,
The Singapore
Naval Base and the Defence of Britain’s Eastern Empire
1919–1941
(Oxford 1981).

9 James, op. cit., 167.

10 Harold S.Quigley and John E.Turner,
The New Japan:
Government and Politics
(Minneapolis 1956), 38–9.

11 Quoted by Hugh Byas, op. cit., 265–6.

12 Ibid., 97.

13 Mosley, op. cit., 154—5.

14 Tolland, op. cit., 13.

15 Byas, op. cit., 119ff.; Tolland, op. cit., 13—33; Beasley, op. cit., 250; James, op. cit., 170ff.

16 Tolland, op. cit., 21.

17 Ibid, 33 footnote; for Sorge, see William Deakin and G.R.Storry,
The Case of Richard Sorge
(London 1964).

18 Anthony Garavente,’The Long
March’
,
China Quarterly
,
22
(1965), 84–124.

19
Edgar Snow
,
Red Star over China
(London 1938); Chen Chang-Feng,
On the Long March with Chairman Mao
(Peking 1959);
The Long March: Eyewitness Accounts
(Peking 1963).

20
Edgar Snow
,
Random Notes on
Red China
(Harvard 1957), 1–11;
J.M.Betram
,
Crisis in China: the Only Story of the Sian Mutiny
(London 1937).

21 Agnes Smedley,
Battle Hymn of China
(London 1944), 96–143.

22 Tolland, op. cit., 44—7; see also James B. Crowley in
the Journal of
Asian Studies
,
May 1963, and
C.P. Fitzgerald,
The Birth of
Communist China
(Baltimore
1964).

23 Nish, op. cit., 232; Katsu Young, ‘The Nomohan Incident: Imperial Japan and the Soviet Union’,
Monumenta Nipponica
,
22 (1967)
, 82–102.

24 Tolland, op. cit., 44 footnote.

25 Ibid., 47.

26 Mosley, op. cit., 177–81; Tolland, op. cit., 50.

27 Quoted by Nish, op. cit., 260.

28
Hugh Byas in
New York Times
, 31 July 1938.

29
Hans Frank
,
Im Angesicht des
Galgens
(Munich 1953), 92; Joseph Goebbels,
Der Faschismus
und seine praktischen Ergebnisse
(1935).

30 Nolte, op. cit., 230.

31 Mussolini,
Opera Omnia
, xxvi 233.

32 Barnett, op. cit., 344—8.

33 Ibid., 379–80; Carlton, op. cit., 68.

34 Carlton, op. cit., 84—6.

35 Barnett, op. cit., 381.

36
Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers
(London 1948), 56.

37 For Italian fascist racialism, see Antonio Spinosa, ‘Le persecuzioni razziali in Italia’,
Il
Ponte
VIII (1952), 964–78, 1078–96, 1604–22, ix (1953), 950ff.

38
Salvador de Madariaga
,
Spain: a Modern History
(London 1961), 455
.

39
Quoted in Paul Preston
,
The Coming of the Spanish Civil War
(London 1978), 15
.

40
Largo Caballero
,
Mis Recuerdos
(Mexico City 1954), 37
.

41
Mariano Perez Galan
,
La Ensenanza en la II Republica espanola
(Madrid 1975), 332–3
.

42
See articles by Luis Araquistain
,
El Sol
(Madrid), 18, 21, 24 July 1931
.

43
Preston, op. cit., 107
.

44
Stanley Payne
,
The Spanish Revolution
(New York 1970), 108
.

45
Eye-witness 1933, quoted Ramón Sender
,
Viaje a la aldea del crimen
(Madrid 1934), 33–42
.

46
J.Arrarás Irribaren (ed.)
,
Historia de la Cruzada Española
,
8 vols (Madrid 1940–4), II 263; J.A.Ansaldo
,
Para Qui? De Alfonso XII a Juan III
(Buenos Aires 1951), 51
.

47
George Dimitrov
,
The Working Classes Against Fascism
(London 1935), 47
.

48
Hugh Thomas
,
The Spanish Civil
War (London 1961 ed.), 95; George Hills
,
Franco: the Man and his Nation
(London 1967), 210
.

49
J.W.D.Trythall
,
Franco: a Biography
(London 1970), 80
.

50
R.A.H.Robinson
,
The Origins of Franco’s Spain
(Newton Abbot 1970), 12
.

51
Thomas, op. cit., 5
.

52
Preston, op. cit., 162–3, 172
.

53
Trythall, op. cit., 81; Preston, op. cit., 176
.

54
Burnett Bolloten
,
The Grand Camouflage
(London 2nd ed. 1968), 115–16; Juan-Simeon Vidarte
,
Todos fuimos culpables
(Mexico 1973), 56–7
.

55
Robinson, op. cit., 259–60; Preston, op. cit, 185
.

56
Vidarte, op. cit., 100, 115–27; Idalecio Prieto
,
Convulciones de Espana
,
3 vols (Mexico 1967–9), III 143–4
.

57
Constancia de la Mora
,
In Place of Splendour
(London 1940), 214—15; Claud Bowers, My
Mission to Spain
(London 1954), 200–8; Henry Buckley
,
Life and Death of the Spanish Republic
(London 1940), 129; Stanley Payne
,
Falange: a History of Spanish Fascism
(Stanford 1961), 98–105; Ian Gibson
,
La Represion nacionalista de Granada en 1936
(Paris 1971) 40–3
.

58
Thomas, op. cit., 5; Robles’s figures were broadly correct
.

59
Vidarte, op. cit., 213–17
.

60
J.Gutiérrez-Ravé
,
Gil Robles: caudillo frustrado
(Madrid 1967), 198–9
.

61
Thomas, op. cit. 52—4
.

62
Ibid., 269, footnote 1
.

63
Antonio Montero
,
La Persecucion religiosa en Espagna 1936–1939
(Madrid 1961), 762
.

64
Thomas, op. cit., 270–2
.

65
Arthur Koestler
,
The Invisible Writing
(London 1954), 347; Ignacio Escobar
,
Asi empezo
(Madrid 1974)
.