Myanmar's Long Road to National Reconciliation (58 page)

EIU,
see
Economist Intelligence Unit

election of 1990,
39
,
248–49
,
237

electricity production,
79–80

empowerment of people,
114
,
196
,
283

enforceable property rights, lack of,
77

engagement policy, between Western countries and military regime,
289

entrepreneurship, and corporate social responsibility,
178

environmental protection programs,
119

Ericsson (company),
246

Essex University,
xxx

Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life,
221

ethnic conflict,
39

ethnic groups,
xxvii
,
9
,
35
,
39
,
40
,
42
,
50
,
52
,
54
,
235
,
239
,
250
,
283

ceasefires with,
39
,
51
,
62

disarming of,
35
,
36

and National Convention,
10
,
35
,
45
,
62
,
63
,
64

National Democratic Front,
43

peace talks,
44
,
51

political rebellion from 1948,
42–43

Ethnic Nationalities Council,
66

ethnic politics,
39
,
40
,
41
,
50
,
59

ethnic nationalism,
45
,
63

ethnic states, creation of,
43

European Union,
20
,
23
,
221

as refugee destination,
239
,
241

exchange rate,
86

factionalism,
168
,
194

Faist, T.,
238–39

Falun Gong,
171 n. 2

FAO,
see
Food and Agriculture Organization

Farmer Field Schools,
58

Federal Movement,
43

federalism, opposition by Ne Win,
43
proposals to National Convention,
65

FHAM,
see
Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar

finance,
85
,
131

constraints on agriculture,
132

financial crisis,
xxxi
,
80
.
See also
banking crisis

Financial Institutions of Myanmar Law,
1990,
91

Fink, Christina,
168

fisheries,
103
,
129
,
136–37

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
111
,
112
,
133
,
145

Bay of Bengal Programme,
133

and Yezin Agricultural University,
109–10

Food and Agriculture Organization,
114

food legumes,
98
,
102

food security,
98
,
108

foot and mouth disease (FMD),
131

Foot and Mouth Disease Programme,
134

Foreign and Commonwealth Office,
184

foreign debt arrears,
85

foreign direct investment,
xxv
,
xxx
,
91
,
109

foreign organizations, and civil society,
154

foreign relations, of Myanmar,
19
,
159

Forest Department,
103

forestry,
103
,
128

“Four Cuts”, counter-insurgency tactics by government,
44

fragmentation within Myanmar,
276

France, relations with Germany,
220

Franco-German Treaty of 1963,
221

Free Burma Coalition,
245

Free Burma email list server,
244

Freedom House,
237

Freire, P.,
196

Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar (FHAM),
206
,
208
,
212

Geertz, C.,
166

Geneva Conventions,
288

Germany, relations with France,
220

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria,
56

Global Internally Displaced Persons Project,
60

Global Parliamentary Solidarity Campaign,
246

globalization, and corporate social responsibility,
178

governance,
280
,
281

and civil society,
151
,
191

government organized nongovernment organizations (GONGO),
153
,
196

gross domestic product (GDP) of Myanmar,
106

contribution of agriculture,
107
,
127–28

groundnuts,
102

Hardwicke, Jennifer,
120
,
124

Harvard University,
245

Heidel, Brian,
156
,
156–57

Heineken,
245

hierarchy,
167
,
219
,
226

and civil society,
151

Hirschman, A.,
232

HIV/AIDS,
199

donor funding,
212
,
213

and NGOs,
56
,
117
,
206ff

Hkun Htun Oo,
11

Hope International Development Agency,
230 n. 9

horticultural crops,
98

Htun Aung Kyaw,
253 n. 1

Hukawng Valley,
58

human development index,
98
,
106

Human Development Initiative Project of UNDP,
133
,
137

Human Development Report (HDR),
106

human resources in Myanmar,
165

Human Rights Committee,
288

Human Rights Documentation Unit (HRDU),
243

Human Rights Education Institute of Burma (HREIB),
243

human rights,
60
,
237
,
288

organizations,
159

humanitarian aid,
xxv
,
55
,
56
,
57
,
119
,
227

ICG recommendations,
195

international,
224
,
228

and military rule,
227
.
See also

aid humanitarian situation in Myanmar,
41
,
57

ICESCR,
see
International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ICG,
see
International Crisis Group

ICRISAT,
see
International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics

IFPRI,
see
International Food and Policy Research Institute

illegal Myanmar workers in Thailand,
163

ILO,
see
International Labour Organization

IMF,
see
International Monetary Fund

immunization programmes, in Wa and Kachin States,
58

independence movement,
233
,
234

India, aid for Myanmar,
xxviii
,
xxxi
,
34
,
116
,
136
,
145
,
238

conflict in border areas,
52
,
60
,
236

influence in Myanmar,
xxvii
,
21

and peace-building,
221

Indiana University,
252

individualism,
169

Indonesia,
xxviii
,
109

visit of foreign minister to Yangon,
28 n. 40

industrial agriculture,
98
,
128
,
130

Industrial Development in Myanmar: Prospects and Challenges,
99

inflation rate,
81
,
85

infrastructure development,
115
,
131
,
170

Institute of Forestry, Yezin,
118

institutions, need for,
287–88

insurgency,
43
,
51
,
52
,
60
,
235

insurgent groups,
52
,
67

insurgent politics,
50

integrated pest management (IPM),
112

Integrated Rural Development Projects,
103

intellectuals, discrimination against,
251

interest rates,
81

International Committee of the Red Cross,
199

International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR),
185

International Crisis Group (ICG),
55
,
165
,
194
,
195

International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),
135
,
145

International Day of Action,
244

international financial system, and Myanmar,
21

International Food and Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),
135

International Labour Organization (ILO),
xxviii
,
184
,
185

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
21
,
81
,
82
,
265

international NGOs,
see
nongovernment organizations, international

International Office for Epizootics (OIE),
134

International Parliamentary Union,
256 n. 35

international perceptions of Myanmar,
39
,
51

international position of Myanmar,
19
,
159

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),
134
,
145

Rodent Ecology Work Group,
139

International Water Management Institute (IWMI),
135

Internet, use by overseas Burmese,
xxviii
,
232
,
242
,
245ff
,
252

IPM,
see
integrated pest management

Iran,
265

Irrawaddy River,
see
Ayeyarwaddy River

IRRI,
see
International Rice Research Institute

irrigation systems,
99
,
128
,
130

Ismail, Razali,
see
Razali Ismail isolationism,
xxxiii
,
239
,
284

Israel, agricultural aid for Myanmar,
136
,
145

IWMI,
see
International Water Management Institute

Jackson, Tamara,
120
,
124

Jagan, Larry,
xxvii
Japan,
xxvii
,
21
,
22
,
114

aid to Myanmar,
xxxi
,
136
,
145
,
270

Johns Hopkins University,
xxviii

Jones, Richard,
xxx

jute,
99
,
102

Ka Kwe Ye,
45

Kachin Baptist Convention,
71 n. 33