Myanmar's Long Road to National Reconciliation (60 page)

economic situation,
219

effects of armed conflict,
42

foreign relations,
19
,
159

as “least developed country”,
22
,
44
,
106
,
265

population,
106
,
127

water resources,
107

Myanmar/Burma Update Conference 2002,
xxxii

Myanmar/Burma Update Conference 2004,
xx
,
xxvi

Myawaddy Bank,
93 n. 12

Myint Swe, Major General,
28 n. 32

Myo Win,
xxxii
,
121

Naga ethnic group,
66

Nai Shwe Kyin,
54

narcotics,
53
.
See also
opium

national accounts, publication of,
78

National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB),
246

National Convention Convening Working Committee,
63

National Convention Working Committee,
65

National Convention,
xx
–xxi,
xxii
,
xxvi
,
6
,
34
,
37
,
60
,
63
,
64
,
65–66
,
67
,
282

in 1993–1996,
54

constitutional issues,
xxii
,
22
,
23

ethnic groups,
xxvii
,
31
,
34–35
,
45
,
63
,
64
,
65

and NGOs,
158

resumption of,
xx
,
39
,
46
,
50
,
66

and “road map”,
30

view of UN,
61

National Council Union of Burma (NCUB),
51

National Day of Action,
244

National Democratic Alliance Army,
64

National Democratic Front (NDF),
43
,
44
,
51
,
64

National Human Rights Committee,
185

National Intelligence Bureau (NIB),
4
,
16

National League for Democracy (NLD),
xx
,
4
,
7
,
12
,
23
,
39
,
50
,
168
,
251
,
236

and 1990 election,
6
,
237
,
249

ceasefires,
54

Central Executive Committee (CEC),
10
,
168

insurgency,
51

marginalization of,
xxiii
,
13

military regime,
31
,
160
,
161

and National Convention,
xxi
,
xxvi
,
6
,
10
,
11
,
30
,
31
,
46
,
63
,
66
,
278

and NGOs,
158

policies,
11
,
52
,
281–82

Premier Oil,
185

re-opening of branch offices,
11

National Program for Development of Irrigation and Rural Water Supply,
114

National Program for Nine Districts Greening,
114

national reconciliation,
xxxii
,
39
,
161
,
282

National United Liberation Front,
44

National Unity Front,
155

NCUB,
see
National Council Union of Burma

NDF,
see
National Democratic Front

Ne Win,
7
,
155

“Burmese Way to Socialism”,
43

and Khin Nyunt,
14

and pluralism,
167

army organization under,
14

caretaker government in 1958,
169

isolation of,
17

opposition to federalism,
43

purges of rivals,
33

resignation of,
xxiii
,
17

takeover of power in 1962,
43

Ne Win era, and popular dissent,
235

authoritarianism,
159

civil society organizations,
219

damage to human capital,
251

economic misrule,
43

end of,
233

repression of free speech,
268

Nehru, Pandit J.L.,
105

nepotism,
251

Ner Dah, Colonel,
62

New Light of Myanmar,
18

New Mon State Party,
58
,
64
,
164

and ceasefire movement,
53
,
54

and U Nu,
44

Newcastle disease project,
112
,
140–44

Nixon in China,
24 n. 1

Nong Hkam, Farmer Field School,
58

non-government organizations (NGOs),
xxv

access to ceasefire areas,
55

agricultural extension projects,
112

as role model,
158

and civil society,
193

collaboration with UN agencies,
195

and community-based organizations,
196
,
214

financial support,
226

and foreigners,
165–66

government-sponsored (GONGOs),
196

growth of activity,
156
,
160
,
170
,
196

and Premier Oil,
185

roles of,
159

social change,
227
,
228

strategies of,
193

non-government organizations, international,
xxv
,
117
,
157–59
,
196
,
199ff
,
210

advocacy before the UN,
200

building trust,
202

capacity-building,
214

civil society,
xxix
–xxx,
201

constraints on,
xx
increase of,
219

local networks,
195
,
200
,
213

role of,
224

non-government organizations, local,
58
,
196
,
197ff
,
225

increase of,
210–11
,
213
,
219

non-violence, and NLD,
52

North Korea,
16
,
265

Northwestern University,
244

Nyan Win,
34
,
36

Nye, J.,
249

Office of Military Affairs-Security,
28 n. 32

Office of Strategic Services,
14

official development assistance (ODA), bilateral,
55
,
136
,
264
,
265
,
274

official statistics, credibility of,
78–79
,
80

OIE,
see
International Office for Epizootics

oilseeds,
98
,
104
,
128
,
130

OPEC Fund,
104
,
134

Open Society Institute, Soros Foundation,
256 n. 27

Open Society programme,
158

opinion survey, by BBC,
253

opium cultivation,
21
,
53
,
57
,
58
,
59

crop substitution,
58
,
129
,
229

opposition, to military regime,
xxiv
,
278

orthodoxy,
167
,
168

and civil society,
151

Overseas Burmese,
xxiv
,
238
,
247ff

Oxfam,
197

Pakistan,
xxiii

Palaung ethnic group,
43
,
66

Pangkham,
58

Panglong Conference,
43

Pao ethnic groups, peace talks,
42–43
,
44
,
66
,
67

National Convention,
45

and development of civil society,
165

Pao National Organization (PNO),
4
,
53
,
54
,
58

Parliamentary Democracy Party,
235

parliamentary democracy, era of,
43

participatory extension approach (PEA),
112

patronage systems,
219
,
226

Peace and Development Committees,
201

Peace Parley,
45

peace talks, and ethnic groups,
44
,
51
“peace through development” strategy,
54

peace-building,
54
,
218
,
223ff
,
281
,
282ff

in Europe,
220

in India,
221

in South Africa,
222

Pedersen, Morten,
xxviii

“people’s war”, counter-insurgency tactics by government,
44

People’s Republic of China,
see
China

Pepsi Boycott Campaign,
245

personal interests, and political loyalty,
167

Pinheiro, Paolo Sergio,
60
,
68

Plant Protection Division (PPD),
101
,
102
,
112

and rodent control project,
139

plantation crops,
98

Plotz, D.,
218

pluralism,
150
,
160–61
,
167

PNO,
see
Pao National Organization

Police Special Branch,
16

political parties,
39
,
282

political prisoners,
185

“ponzi” schemes,
80

popular uprising of 1988, causes,
17

population,
127
,
132

poultry, Newcastle disease control project,
140–44

poverty reduction,
108
,
113
,
114
,
117
,
130
,
132