Read Of Beards and Men: The Revealing History of Facial Hair Online
Authors: Christopher Oldstone-Moore
63
Faegheh Shirazi reproduces a list of relevant Hadith in “Men’s Facial Hair in Islam,” 117.
64
Kandhlawi,
Beard of a Muslim,
chap. 2.
65
Holt v. Hobbs
(574 US [2015]). See Adam Liptak, “Ban on Prison Beards Violates Muslim Rights, Supreme Court Says,”
New York Times
, 20 January 2015,
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/21/us/prison-beard-ban-gregory-holt-ruling.html?_r=0
.
66
James Dao, “Taking On Rules So Other Sikhs Join the Army,”
New York Times
, 8 July 2013, A9.
67
Wesley Morris, “Sportstorialist: Basebeards: Understanding Baseball’s Facial Hair Explosion,”
Grantland
, 8 October 2013,
http://grantland.com/features/the-red-sox-baseball-beards
.
68
Scott Cacciola, “Chin Music,”
New York Times
, 9 September 2013, D1, D3. See also Peter Abraham, “Red Sox ‘Beard Bonding’ Symbolic of Attitude Adjustment,”
Boston Globe
, 2 October 2013,
http://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2013/10/02/beards/BAQGj2IcEckzCq5Z0Piy3N/story.html
.
69
Cacciola, “Chin Music,” D3.
70
Morris, “Sportstorialist: Basebeards.”
71
Bill Burt, “For Tightknit Team, It’s All about ‘The Beard,’”
North of Boston
Media Group: One for the Beards
[supplement], 5 November 2013, S2. The “Samson factor” is discussed by Stuart Vyse,”Five Reasons Why the Red Sox Grew Their Beards,”
Psychology Today,
26 October 2013,
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/believing-in-magic/201310/five-reasons-why-the-red-sox-grew-their-beards
.
72
Peter Kerasotis, “After World Series Win, Red Sox’ Beards and Memories Are Short,”
New York Times
, 20 March 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/21/sports/baseball/fresh-start-and-faces-for-red-sox-after-a-championship-season.html
.
74
“German Crowned World Beard Champion,” BBC News online, 2 November 2003,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3233833.stm
.
75
“Happy Movember! Moustache Champion Karl-Heinz Hille Makes It into Guinness World Records 2014 Book,”
Guinness World Records
, 8 November 2013,
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/11/happy-movember!-moustache-champion-karl-heinz-hille-makes-it-into-guinness-world-records
™-2014-book-52755/.
76
Quoted in Vincent M. Mallozzi, “Sideburns to Fu Manchu, the Best and Brightest,”
New York Times
, 28 December 2003, Sports, 9.
77
Bryan Nelson, “My Real Face,” in
Beard
, ed. Matthew Rainwaters (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2011), 45.
78
Paul Roof, Beardcon (Ohio) panel: “The Social Significance of Facial Hair,” 6 October 2012 (quote at 10:25),
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxhLpODj6jo
.
Abbe, James,
229–30
Agamemnon,
42
Aksakov, Constantine,
173
Aksakov, Ivan,
173
Alain of Lille,
89
Albert (prince consort, Great Britain),
164–70
,
285
Alcott, Amos Bronson,
161
Alexander the Great,
3
,
38–45
,
48
,
50
,
52
,
58
,
61
,
148
,
289–90
Alpine Club,
183
Al-Zamzami, Muhammad,
281–82
American Civil Liberties Union,
253
Amish,
1
,
137
,
176
,
274–77
,
280
,
288
Ammann, Jacob,
137
An,
20–21
Antioch,
60–61
Antioch Chalice,
71–72
Apelles,
44
Aristophanes,
42–43
art: Alexander imitates,
3
,
45
; ancient Roman,
52–53
,
55
,
57–60
,
62
,
65–72
,
82–83
; archaic Greek,
45
,
47–48
; baroque,
133
; Christ in,
63–74
,
77
; classical Greek,
3
,
40–41
,
44–52
,
62
,
77
,
204–5
,
266
,
300nn16–17
,
316n18
; inspires Renaissance beards,
108–9
,
306n8
; medieval,
102–4
; Renaissance,
108
,
124
;
125–27
,
306n8
,
308n56
; romantic,
158–59
; Victorian,
194–97
; Zionist,
279
Asclepius,
68
Assurnasirpal II,
34–35
Atcheson, Richard,
244
Atorin, R.,
140–42
Augustus (Roman emperor),
52–53
,
59
,
66
,
83
Aurelius, Marcus,
57–59
Auroux, Jean,
256
Austria,
138
,
152
,
172–73
,
269
,
279
Babylonians,
24
,
26
,
32–33
,
36
,
279
baldness,
5–6
; in ancient Mesopotamia,
23
; Aristotle’s theory,
44
; athletes’,
245
; Caesar’s,
52
; Lenin’s,
228
,
318n41
; Louis XIII’s,
134
; of tonsure,
84
,
104
Ballad of the Beard
,
115–16
Bancroft, Elizabeth,
171
Barbatium, Johannes,
116–17
,
128
barbers: common in Hellenistic Greece,
48
; introduced to ancient Rome,
50–51
; of Louis XIII,
134
; in Renaissance,
116
; in Russia,
140–41
; in Taliban Afghanistan,
281
; urged to promote shaving in United States,
244
Bassus, Junius,
68
Bayern Munich,
245–46
Bayeux Tapestry,
96
beard: artificial,
29
,
34
,
120
,
283
,
307n44
; assertiveness of,
13–15
,
17
,
32
,
148–49
,
162
,
174
,
188–89
,
240
,
287
; attractiveness of,
7
,
9–17
,
81
,
240
,
268
,
292
; and autonomy,
161
,
183
,
189
,
197
,
233
,
235
,
239–41
,
260
,
273
,
285
,
287–88
,
292
; bestows honor,
31–34
,
37
,
42–43
,
57
,
104–5
,
112
,
114
,
117–20
,
128
,
136
,
139
,
148
,
153
,
164
,
173
,
187
,
189–90
,
274
,
285
; in Christian theology,
62
,
75–77
,
92–94
,
122–24
,
302n17
,
303n9
; clubs,
3
,
115
,
285–88
; evolution of,
7–17
; favored by religious conservatives,
260
,
270–83
; Freudian interpretations,
18
,
33–34
; and gender bending,
260–69
,
285
; goatee,
156
,
249
,
252
,
265
,
270
,
272
; and health,
11–12
,
111–13
,
136
,
148
,
150
,
187–88
,
190
,
218–19
,
314n24
; and heroism,
42
,
111
,
154–55
,
164
,
173
,
183
,
197
,
211
; imperial
160
,
166
,
180
,
197
,
285
; and individuality,
174
,
188
,
222–23
,
249
,
251
,
259
,
266
,
285
; as intimidating,
13–15
,
17
,
24
,
106
; laws about,
4
,
48
,
84
,
88–89
,
109
,
170
,
189
,
251–55
,
279
,
281–82
,
288
; legal proceedings,
1
,
189
,
241–42
,
251–55
,
275–77
,
282
;
mouche
,
160
,
170
; and nonconformity,
144
,
160
,
283
,
240
,
244
,
246
,
250–51
,
260
,
270–74
; promoted as God-given,
75
,
92
,
114
,
117
,
120
,
122
,
128
,
135–36
,
141–42
,
146
,
157
,
187
,
239
,
278
,
282
; promoted as natural,
56–58
,
105
,
110–11
,
135
,
145
,
156
,
187–90
,
201
,
218
,
243
,
255
,
268
; quest,
283–88
; scientific views,
5–17
,
43–44
,
57–58
,
92
,
121–24
,
135
,
188
,
218–19
; as social protest,
156–61
,
172–73
,
235–49
,
271
,
320n3
; spade,
115–16
; square-cut,
32
,
279
; as sign of strength,
16
,
20
,
32
,
37
,
40
,
43–44
,
75
,
77
,
92
,
111
,
129
,
153
,
184
,
188–90
,
196–97
,
201
,
284
,
290
; stiletto,
115–16
; stubble,
15–17
,
58
,
95
,
116
,
261
,
265
; tax,
140
; and virility,
43–44
,
122–24
,
149
,
198
,
224
,
232
,
296n19
,
304n304
; women’s,
5
,
28–31
,
43–44
,
123
,
125–29
,
146
,
148–49
,
191–94
,
197
,
315n47
.
See also
beardlessness
;
beard movement
;
mustache
;
sideburns
(
favoris
)
beardlessness: of Adam,
124
,
146
,
308n56
; of Alexander,
3
,
45
,
61
; blandness of,
240
; of Christ,
65–66
,
72–73
; and goodness,
101
,
109
,
113
; and holiness,
84–85
,
87–89
,
93–94
,
97
,
99
,
101
; and honesty,
213
,
218
,
241
; of Lawrence of Arabia,
214–15
; of Lenin,
228
; as mark of superiority,
29
,
48
,
89
,
93–94
,
97
,
290
; and immortality,
45
,
47–48
,
52
,
66
; and youthfulness,
3
,
42
,
45–6
,
47
,
52
,
66
,
117–18
,
203–4
,
213
,
217
,
219–21
,
229
266
,
280
.
See also
shaving
beard movement,
2–4
,
260
,
290
; first,
52
,
54
,
55
,
62
,
75
; medieval,
81
,
88
,
97
; Renaissance,
109–10
,
115
,
128
,
130
,
137
,
187
; nineteenth-century,
163
,
174
,
180
,
186–87
,
194
,
203
,
212
,
217
,
273
,
278
Beard Team USA,
287
bears (gay culture),
268
,
324n22
Beaver (game),
221
Bebel, August,
228
Bedell, Grace,
175–76
Beethoven, Ludwig van,
151
Berlin,
152
,
155
,
172–73
,
211
,
247
,
285
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint,
98–99
Bernstein, Eduard,
228
Bible,
22
,
31–34
,
36–37
,
64
,
68
,
74
,
92
,
115
,
118
,
121
,
137
,
146
,
185
,
278–79
; Genesis,
92
; Leviticus,
36–37
,
142
,
278
; Numbers,
22
,
36
; Deuteronomy,
36
; Judges,
33
; II Samuel,
32
; I Chronicles,
31
; Psalms,
77
; Jeremiah,
23
; Isaiah,
31
,
90
;
Matthew,
66
; Luke,
64–65
,
68
; John,
66
; I Corinthians,
83
Bismarck, Otto von,
208–9
,
211–12
,
229
Blair, Tony,
258
Blunkett, David,
258
Bly, Robert,
255–56
bodybuilding,
204–8
.
See also
sports
bonobos,
5–6
Borromeo, Cardinal,
113
Boy, John D.,
272
Bromberger, Christian,
18
Brookes, William Penny,
202
Burnside, Ambrose,
176
Burroughs, Edgar Rice,
217
Butler, Judith,
2
Caesar, Julius,
51–52
Callisthenes,
44
Calmet, Antoine Augustin,
146
Cashmore, Ellis,
264
Castiglione, Baldassare,
108
Catherine of Aragon,
107
Cecil, Algernon,
221
Cecil, Hugh (Lord Quickswood),
221
Chamberlain, Wilt,
250