Of Beards and Men: The Revealing History of Facial Hair (42 page)

Hospitallers,
99

Hughes, Eric W.,
240

Hughes, Thomas,
201

Hugh-Jones, Siriol,
240

Hugo, Victor,
156–59

Hussars,
168

hypertrichosis universalis,
127

Ibbi-Sin,
26–27
,
37

icons,
72–75

Iliad
,
40
,
42–43
,
45–46

immunocompetence theory,
11–12

Iran,
281

Iraq,
281
.
See also
Mesopotamia

Islam: beards required by,
280–82
; and mustaches,
282
.
See also
Muhammad
;
Muslims

Islamic State,
281

Israel: ancient,
22
,
31–33
,
64
; modern
287
.
See also
Hebrews, ancient
;
Jews
;
Zionism

Ivan V (tsar of Russia),
137–39

Jackson, Reggie,
249

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig,
152–56
,
161
,
172
,
204
,
285

James, Henry,
182

Jaurés, Jean,
228

Jefferson, Thomas,
155

Jerome, Saint,
76–77

Jesus Christ,
63–78
,
84
,
111
,
113
,
127
,
161
,
236
,
238–39
,
271
,
273

Jews,
36
,
64
,
157
,
274
,
277–82
,
288
.
See also
Hebrews, ancient

John VIII (Byzantine emperor),
104

Jones, Annie,
193–94

Jones, Ernest,
199
,
203

Julian (Roman emperor),
59–62

Julius II, Pope,
108

Kandhlawi, Muhammad Zakariya,
281–82

Kelley v. Johnson
(1976),
1
,
253–55

Kerensky, Alexander,
228

Khomiakov, Alexei,
173

Kilgallen, Dorothy,
232

Kirchmaier, Georg Caspar,
136
,
285

Korniliy, Metropolitan,
143

kouros,
47–48

Labour Party (Britain),
256–58

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste,
7

Las Casas, Bartolomé de,
114

Lawrence, Thomas Edward (of Arabia),
213–17
,
316n2

leathermen (gay culture),
268–69

Leech, John,
186

Leinfelden-Echterdingen,
285

Lenin, Vladimir,
228

Lennon, John,
235–39
,
244
,
271

Leo III, Pope,
82

Leonardo da Vinci,
106
,
108

Lincoln, Abraham,
174–78
,
197

Livingstone, Ken,
258

London,
134
,
168
,
170–71
,
181–83
,
185
,
191
,
193
,
199
,
202
,
207
,
235
,
237–38
,
256
,
258

Los Angeles,
219
,
224
,
241
,
254
,
272
.
See also
Hollywood

Louis I (the Pious),
84

Louis VII (king of France),
97–99
,
104

Louis IX (king of France),
99–101
,
104

Louis XIII (king of France),
134

Louis XIV (king of France),
130–34
,
137
,
148–49

Louis XV (king of France),
144

Louis Philippe (king of France),
159

lumbersexuals,
268
,
324n21

Luther, Martin,
113–14

Lysippus,
40
,
45

Majlisi, Mohammad Baqir,
123

Mandelson, Peter,
258

Mann, Heinrich,
211

Mao Tse Tung,
246

Marbot, Jean-Baptiste,
168

Marcello, Cristoforo,
110

Marcus Aurelius.
See
Aurelius, Marcus

Marx, Karl,
170–71
,
228
,
247

Mary, mother of Jesus,
72
,
239

masculinity: in afterlife,
76–77
,
93–94
; of Christ,
75
,
77–78
; in Christian thought,
75–78
,
92–97
,
104
,
201
; creation of,
2–4
,
38
,
264
,
290
; conservative views on,
270
,
273–74
; in Enlightenment,
130–31
,
133
,
148–49
; established by nature,
56–58
,
110–11
,
113–14
,
117–20
,
123
,
127
,
135–37
,
146
,
148
,
187
,
193
,
197
,
290
; gay
263–70
,
287–88
; hypermasculinity,
264
,
268
,
324n22
; lumbersexual,
268
,
324n21
; manifest in facial hair,
12
,
14
,
75
,
77
,
92
,
117
,
123
,
136–37
,
140
,
186–91
,
196–97
,
220
,
232
,
242
,
255–56
,
268
; metrosexual,
263–64
,
268
; and
priesthood,
110–14
; in Renaissance,
105
,
109–10
; and romanticism,
153
,
155
,
163
,
173
; sociable,
212
,
217
,
219
,
221
,
228
,
251–52
,
260
,
291
; and sports,
190
,
201–4
,
220
,
234
,
264
,
273
; of Stoicism,
54
,
56–57
,
62
; threatened,
61
,
76
,
111–12
,
136
,
148
,
190
,
194
,
202
,
263
,
273
,
280
,
288
; of women,
29
,
43
,
123
,
125–28
,
191–94
,
197

Matathia, Ira,
264

Maupassant, Guy de,
179–80

McCartney, Paul,
235

McClellan, George,
176

McDonald’s Company,
251–52

Meade, Michael,
255–56

Menjou, Adolphe,
222

Mennonites,
137
,
176

Mesopotamia,
3
,
19–27

metrosexuals,
3
,
261–70
,
323n7

Michelangelo,
108–109
,
308n56

Miller, Myron,
274

monks,
84–85
,
87–95
,
99
,
101
,
256

Montgomerie, Archibald (Earl of Eglinton),
163–64

Moore, Robert L.,
255–56

Morley, Henry,
186
,
190

Mormons,
274

Morsi, Mohamed,
280–81

Moscherosch, Johann Michael,
135

Moscow,
139
,
142
,
173

Movember,
1
,
284

Mr. Leather convention,
269

Muhammad,
282

Müller, Gerd,
250

Mullet, Sam,
274

muscular Christianity,
201

Muslims: conservatives insist on beards,
36
,
274
,
277–82
,
288
; contrast with Christians
18
,
96
,
99
; and Crusades,
99
,
101
; reaction to Western shaving,
84
,
94–95
; views on Adam,
124
; win right to have beard in prison,
282
.
See also
Islam

Musonius Rufus,
55–56

mustache: assertiveness of,
158–60
,
176
,
209–11
,
168–69
,
171
,
220–33
,
241–43
,
249–50
,
291
; aristocratic,
164
,
168
,
170
,
208
; artificial,
168–69
,
225
,
230
; and athletes,
203
,
208
,
249–50
; attractiveness of,
12
,
166
,
168
,
220
,
223–25
,
231
; Charlemagne’s,
80
,
82–83
; Dewey’s,
231–34
; fall from favor,
130
,
216–21
; handlebar,
249
; and health,
188
,
218
; Hitler’s,
228–30
,
319n46
; in Islam,
282
; Kaiser Wilhelm’s,
211–12
; military,
156
,
164
,
168–72
,
176
,
203
,
211–12
,
215–17
,
226
,
228–29
,
291
,
317n17
; November,
1
,
284
; opposition to,
12
,
93
,
122
,
162
,
219–21
,
225
,
232–34
,
240–42
,
244
,
251–55
,
274
; Prince Albert’s,
166–70
; Stalin’s,
228
,
319n43
; toothbrush,
229–31
; walrus,
212
,
229
; women’s opinion of,
12
,
14
,
16
,
219–20
,
224–25
,
232–33
,
240–41
,
319n44

mythopoetic men’s movement,
255–56

Nabu-suma-iskun,
24

Namath, Joe,
250

Napoleon, Louis (Napoleon III),
178–81
,
186
,
191
,
197

Napoleon Bonaparte,
150–52
,
160
,
168
,
178
,
204
,
230

Naram-Sin,
23–26

Nash, Graham,
236

Native Americans,
114–15

Nebuchadnezzar,
36

Neuwirth, Thomas (Conchita Wurst),
269

Newton, Isaac,
130

New York City,
186
,
191
,
202
,
207
,
221
,
232
,
238
,
239
,
240
,
242
,
244
,
253–54
,
267–68
,
280

Nicholas I (tsar of Russia,
172–73

Nippur,
20–21
,
24
,
26

Normans,
94–96

Notre Dame Cathedral,
97

nudity,
45
,
47–48
,
52

Oakland Athletics,
249–50

O’Connell, Daniel,
171

O’Connor, Feargus,
171

Old Believers,
140
,
142–44

Olmo, Marco,
121–24
,
128
,
135
,
146

Olsen, Phil,
287

Olympics,
202
,
250

Ono, Yoko,
236

O’Reilly, Ann,
264

Origen,
76

Orthodox Christianity,
73
,
84–85
,
139–143
,
172
,
228
,
274

Orthodox Judaism,
277–80
,
282
.
See also
Jews

Ortiz, David,
284

Othlonus,
88

Ovid,
117

Pagenstecher, Johann F. W.,
137

Palmer, Joseph,
160–62

Paris,
97
,
106
,
112
,
134
,
147
,
149
,
156–60
,
170–72
,
178
,
237
,
247
,
258–59

Patrick, Darrin,
273

Patroclus,
46

Paul, Saint,
65
,
72
,
76
,
83

Paula of Avila, Saint,
127

Pepys, Samuel,
134

Peripatetics,
55–56

Perry, John,
140

Persia,
3
,
23
,
36
,
38–40
,
60
,
124
,
148

Perthes, Boucher de,
187

Peter the Great (tsar of Russia),
137–44
,
148–49

pharaohs,
24
,
28–31
,
34
,
37
,
40

Philip IV (king of France),
101

Philip of Macedon,
42

Philippa (queen of England),
170

philosophers,
38
,
43–44
,
48
,
50
,
52–59
,
61–62
,
65
,
111
,
113
,
122
,
136
,
174