8.
Lord Cromer,
Modern Egypt
(New York, 1908), 343; Roger Owen,
Lord Cromer
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot,
Egypt Under Cromer
(London: John Murray, 1968).
9.
Benedict Anderson,
Imagined Communities
(New York: Verso, 1983), 15.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: HOPE AND DESPAIR
1.
See, for instance, Robert Spencer, ed.,
The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims
(New York: Prometheus Books, 2005).
2.
See David Fromkin,
A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East
(New York: Holt, 1989); John Marlowe,
The Seat of Pilate: An Account of the Palestine Mandate
(London: Cresset, 1959)
3.
T E. Lawrence,
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(New York: Penguin, 1935), 23; Jeremy Wilson,
Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T E. Lawrence
(New York: Atheneum, 1989).
4.
See Fromkin,
A Peace to End All Peace
, 273–300. For the complete text of the Husayn-McMahon correspondence, see George Antonius,
The Arab Awakening;
also, Marlowe,
The Seat of Pilate
, and Christopher Sykes,
Crossroads to Israel
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973).
5.
Quincy Wright,
Mandates Under the League of Nations
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1930, 1968).
6.
One of the more prominent of those who portray them as puppets is Elie Kedourie,
England and the Middle East, 1914–1921
(London: Bowes & Bowes, 1956). More nuanced is Elizabeth Monroe,
Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).
7.
Churchill to Sir Percy Cox, August 15, 1921, in Colonial Office records 730/4/40704, Public Records Office, Kew Gardens, England. On Iraq, see Peter Sluglett,
Britain in Iraq, 1914–1932
(London: Ithaca Press, 1976).
8.
Quoted in Sylvia Haim,
Arab Nationalism
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 64. Also, Fred Lawson, “Westphalian Sovereignty and the Emergence of the Arab State System: The Case of Syria,”
International History Review
(September 2000), 529–56.
9.
Janice Terry,
The Wafd, 1919–1952: Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power
(London: Third World Centre, 1982); Marius Deeb,
Party Politics in Egypt: The Wafd and Its Rivals, 1919–1939
(Oxford, England: Ithaca Press for St. Antony’s College, 1979).
10.
From the White Paper of 1922, quoted in Bernard Wasserstein,
The British in Palestine
(London: Royal Historical Society, 1978), 118.
11.
The literature on the creation of Israel is vast. Here are a few select titles: Conor Cruise O’Brien,
The Siege: The Story of Israel and Zionism
(London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986); Avi Shlaim,
The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
(New York: Norton, 1999); Benny Morris,
1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); Philip Mattar,
The Mufti of Jerusalem
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1988); Tom Segev,
One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate
(New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000); Charles Smith,
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
, 3rd ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996); Howard Sachar,
A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (New
York: Knopf, 1996).
CHAPTER TWELVE: IN AN OTHERWISE TURBULENT WORLD
1.
See for instance, Fawaz Gerges,
The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Malise Ruthven,
A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America
(London: Granta, 2002); Cook,
Understanding Jihad;
Mark Juergensmeyer,
Terror in the Mind of God: The Rise of Global Religious Violence
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Nazih Ayubi,
Political Islam
(New York: Routledge, 1993).
2.
Here, too, there are of course notable exceptions, one of the most stunning of which is Richard Bulliet,
The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
3.
Amos Elon,
The Israelis: Founders and Sons
(New York: Penguin, 1971), 106–76; Eyal Zisser, “The Maronites, Lebanon, and the State of Israel: Early Contacts,”
Middle Eastern Studies
(October 1995), 889ff.
4.
Abdullah quotations from Sachar,
A History of Israel
, 3
2
2–23
.
The “best of enemies” quotation is in Shlaim,
The Iron Wall
, 38. Also see Avi Shlaim,
Collusion Across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement and the Partition of Palestine
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1988). The Moshe Dayan quotations are from his memoirs, and quoted in Conor Cruise O’Brien,
The Siege
, 368. On Hussein, see for instance Douglas Little, “A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer: The United Sates, King Hussein, and Jordan,”
International History Review
(August 1995), 512–44; Robert Satloff,
From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Mary Wilson, ed.,
King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988). See also King Abdullah,
Memoirs
, ed. Philip P. Graves (London: Cape, 1950); and Nadav Safran,
Israel: The Embattled Ally
(Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1981).
5.
This was brought home to me most clearly in a speech that King Hussein gave at Oxford University in May 1990, and at a series of conversations I was part of at a World Economic Forum conference at one of Jordan’s Dead Sea resorts, hosted by Abdullah and his wife, Queen Rania, in May 2004.
6.
The quotation on the National Pact is from Bisharra al-Khuri, in Raghid Solh,
Lebanon and Arab Nationalism, 1936–1945
(unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, St. Antony’s College, Oxford University, 1986), 289. On Lebanon and faded dreams, see Fouad Ajami,
The Dream Palace of the Arabs
(New York: Pantheon, 1998); Kamil Salibi,
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
7.
And the literature here is endless, beginning with V. S. Naipaul,
Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey
(New York: Knopf, 1981), and
Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples (New
York: Random House, 1998); Robert Kaplan,
To the Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21th Century
(New York: Random House, 1996); Benjamin Barber,
Jihad v McWorld
(New York: Times Books, 1995); Samuel Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); Jeffrey Taylor,
Angry Wind: Through Muslim Black Africa by Truck, Bus, Boat, and Camel
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005); Yaroslav Trofimov,
Faith at War: A Journey on the Front-lines of Islam from Baghdad to Timbuktu
(New York: Henry Holt, 2005); Andrew Wheatcroft,
Infidels: A History of the Conflict Between Christendom and Islam
(New York: Random House, 2004); Bernard Lewis,
What Went Wrong The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), and
The Crisis in Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror
(New York: Modern Library, 2003). There is also the highly regarded and sober work of Giles Kepel, most recently his
The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West
(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004). Then the polemics from the right and from the left: Robert Spencer,
Islam Unveiled
(New York: Encounter Books, 2002); Tony Blankley,
The West’s Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?
(New York: Regnery 2005); Irshad Manji,
The Trouble with Islam Today: A Muslim’s Call for Reform in Her Faith
(New York: St Martin’s Press, 2004).
8.
See once again Richard Bulliet,
The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization;
also, Noah Feldman,
After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy
(New York: FSG, 2003); Imam Faisal Abul Rauf,
What’s Right with Islam: A New Vision for Muslims and the West
(New York, 2004); Reza Aslan,
No God but God
(New York: Random House, 2005); the many works of John Esposito, including
The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
9.
Daniel Yergin,
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); David Lamb, “Oil Company Is Heart of Confrontation,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 16, 1990; “Discovery! The Story of Aramco Then,”
Aramco World
(this multipart series ran in all six issues in 1968). Rachel Bronson,
Thicker Than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
10.
Behcet Yesilbursa, “Turkey’s Participation in the Middle East Command and Its Admission to NATO,”
Middle Eastern Studies
(October 1999), 70–101; Birol Yesilada, “Turkey’s Candidacy for EU Membership,”
Middle East Journal
(winter 2002), 94–111; Andrew Mango, “Turkey and the Enlargement of the European Mind,”
Middle Eastern Studies
(April 1998), 171–91.
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Ajami, Fouad.
The Dream Palace of the Arabs.
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Imagined Communities.
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The Eastern Question.
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The Arab Awakening The Story of the Arab National Movement.
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