Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made (47 page)

The last major change in the Lisa User Interface was moving to an icon-based file manager in March 1982. The leftmost picture was an early mock-up done in the graphics editor, using a two-level hierarchy; selecting an icon in the top pane displays its contents in the bottom one. By the middle photo, Bill arrived at something very similar to the shipping design, complete with a trash can at the lower right. (see
rosing's rascals
). Note that the folder tab on windows has disappeared now, replaced by a rectangular title bar that's partially inverted when highlited.

Finally, Bill renamed "LisaGraf" to "QuickDraw" in the spring of 1982, because he wanted a name that was suitable for the Macintosh, too. He added two related features to meet the burgeoning needs of the Lisa applications: pictures and scaling. Pictures were a way of recording graphics operations into a data structure for later playback; this became the basis of both our printing architecture and also cutting and pasting graphics. Since pictures could be drawn into an arbitrary sized rectangle, it also caused Bill to add bitmap scaling features as well.

Most users and developers only experienced the user interface as a completed whole, so they tend to think of it as static and never changing, when in fact these pictures show that it was always evolving as we gained more experience and tackled more application areas. A user interface is never good enough, and, while consistency between applications is an important virtue, the best developers will continue to innovate when faced with new problems or perhaps just when they see a much better way to accomplish something. As usual, Bob Dylan said it best when he wrote in 1965, "He not busy being born, is busy dying."

Busy Being Born, Part 2

by Andy Hertzfeld

Bill Atkinson had the foresight to document the creation of the Lisa User Interface by keeping a polaroid camera near his computer, taking a snapshot of each significant milestone (see
busy being born
). Although we didn't systematically save pictures of key Mac milestones, I've managed to cobble together a few seminal Macintosh screenshots to present here in a similar fashion.

You can click on an image to see a larger version of it, and use the back button to return to the story.

the first Mac-like demo in May 1981

Bud Tribble had a tendency to work late at night. I usually came to work at Texaco Towers around 10:30AM, so if Bud was there when I arrived, it usually meant that he had spent all night there. One morning, in the middle of May 1981, when I arrived at my usual time, Bud was anxious to show me something before I could even take off my backpack.

I knew that Bud had been working on the initial porting of QuickDraw to the Macintosh, but I thought that he was at least a week away from getting it running. At this point, we had some cursor routines going, and a way to download and execute Pascal programs that were compiled on a Lisa, attached to the Mac by a serial cable. But we didn't have a memory manager yet, or an event manager or file system, so Bud had to build scaffolding in various places to overcome these limitations. He had compiled a bitmap drawing program that Bill wrote in Pascal for Lisa, then linked it with LisaGraf and other library routines, and started to debug it, fixing each problem as it manifested.

Bud had made a huge amount of progress the previous evening, and the demo was substantially running now. It was incredibly exciting to see Mac-like software running on the Mac for the very first time. The demo featured working pull-down menus, complete with a nicer style of drop shadow than the Lisa was using, and an elaborate, graphical pattern menu, which is illustrated in the screenshot above.

Xerox aficionados will note the use of Cream 12 as our first system font, which was the default font used by SmallTalk, that Bill had converted to the Lisagraf font format. The window title bar was a folder tab, because we were still confused about the difference between folders and documents. The demo already had scroll bars and a grow box that is pretty similar to what we ended up shipping with, although you couldn't interact with them yet. In fact, the only part of the program that actually did something was the "Quit" command.

In April, I had written some screen printing code, that dumped whatever was on the display out the serial port to a dot matrix printer. Since the Mac screen was rather small, I added a feature to print it at double size, so it mostly filled a page. I used that to print the display of Bud's demo, with the impressive graphical pattern menu pulled down, on the very day that Bud got it working, and that's what is reproduced above.

An alternate approach to the Finder
in March 1982

Bruce Horn joined the Mac team in late 1981 (see
joining the mac group
), with the charter to write a graphical shell that we were calling the "Finder", since it helped the user find applications and documents to launch. We were influenced by ideas from the Architecture Machine group at MIT (a predecessor to the better known Media Lab) as portrayed in a program called "DataLand" that allowed users to manipulate graphical objects in spacial arrangements. Bruce was excited about spacial data management and his first assignment was to write a prototype to explore how it could work on the Mac.

Bruce came up with the idea of representing files as small tabs superimposed on an image of a floppy disk. He wrote a prototype that he called "the micro-finder", which is pictured above. I started helping him implement various parts of it, and pretty soon it was actually useful. You could drag the file tabs to position them, and click on the large buttons on the right to launch programs or rename and delete files. We used the micro-finder through most of 1982 for demoing the Mac until the real Finder started becoming usable around the end of the year.

After the micro-finder, Bruce also worked on another prototype that included folders in a two-pane view (Bruce thinks he can eventually dig up a picture of it; if he does I'll include it here). Meanwhile, Bill Atkinson was crafting an icon-based file manager prototype for Lisa (see
rosing's rascals
), and eventually we decided to follow that direction for the Macintosh.

An early screenshot of a half-implemented MacPaint

Here is a very early version of MacPaint, probably from March 1983, after Bill had been working on it for around one month. The first thing to notice is that it wasn't called "MacPaint" yet - it still bore its original name, "MacSketch", inherited from its predecessor, LisaSketch.

This early version uses icons designed by Bill himself, before Susan Kare got a chance to tweak them. And some of the most important MacPaint tools like the paint bucket and the lasso are still months away from being implemented.

MacPaint contained a menu of miscellaneous tools, like Fat Bits, originally called the "Aids" menu, as you can see above. But in the summer of 1983, with public awareness of the AIDS epidemic beginning to swell, Bill rechristened it the "Goodies" menu.

It's interesting to note the window highlighting decorations, which are quite different than what we ended up with. We must have tried dozens of different ways to highlight windows before arriving at the horizontal lines in August 1983.

The featured MacPaint document was drawn late one night by Steve Capps, to celebrate one of our ROM releases; he also saved and scanned the document for inclusion here.