Read She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity Online
Authors: Carl Zimmer
cases of cancer cells moving from one person to another
: Lazebnik and Parris 2015.
passed some of their cancerous immune cells to their fetuses
: Isoda 2009.
got infected with a tapeworm
: Muehlenbachs et al. 2015.
the one-fin flashlight fish
: See Haneda and Tsuji 1971; Haygood, Tebo, and Nealson 1984; Hendry et al. 2016; Hendry, de Wet, and Dunlap 2014; Meyer-Rochow 1976.
about 37 trillion human cells and about the same number of bacteria
: Sender, Fuchs, and Milo 2016.
we are no different from any other animal
: Yong 2016b.
this cycle of renewal looks a lot like heredity
: Hurst 2017.
The genes of bacteria can take strikingly similar routes
: Bright and Bulgheresi 2010.
thick beds of vesicomyid clams thrive
: Funkhouser and Bordenstein 2013.
S. Craig Cary and Stephen Giovannoni
: Cary and Giovannoni 1993.
cockroaches
: See Funkhouser and Bordenstein 2013; Sabree, Kambhampati, and Moran 2009.
a gradual slide
: Bennett and Moran 2015.
80 percent of their genome
: Hendry et al. 2016.
some of heredity's essential features
: See Bordenstein 2015; Gilbert 2014; Theis et al. 2016.
“You, my friend, are a wonderland”
: Quoted in Zimmer 2011.
this seeding
: Blaser and Dominguez-Bello 2016; Rosenberg and Zilber-Rosenberg 2016.
Breasts foster microbes
: McGuire and McGuire 2017.
the strains that move most successfully through nursing into the babies
: Asnicar et al. 2017.
Mothers may thus transmit microbes to future generations
: Foster et al. 2017.
Howard Ochman
: Moeller et al. 2016.
oligosaccharides in human milk
: Browne et al. 2017; Urashima et al. 2012.
Helicobacter pylori
: Cellini 2014.
The history recorded in its branches
: Moodley et al. 2012.
intertwined with our own heredity
: See Goodrich et al. 2016; Van Opstal and Bordenstein 2015.
was only discovered in 2012
: Morotomi 2012.
weight is heritable
: Silventoinen et al. 2016.
mitochondria, the tiny pouches that produce fuel inside our cells
: See Archibald 2015; Ball, Bhattacharya, and Weber 2016; Gray 2012; Martin et al. 2016; McCutcheon 2016; Rogers et al. 2017.
Edmund Cowdry
: Cowdry 1953.
alphaproteobacteria
: Wang and Wu 2015.
how this merger happened
: Martin et al. 2017.
mitochondria's distinctive patterns of heredity
: Stewart and Chinnery 2015.
It wasn't until the late 1980s
: Holt, Harding, and Morgan-Hughes 1988.
Ink cap mushrooms
: Breton and Stewart 2015.
Douglas Wallace
: Sharpley et al. 2012a.
Limiting mitochondrial heredity
: Christie, Schaerf, and Beekman 2015.
inspect their eggs
: Haig 2016.
Magnus Zioberg
: See Coen 1999; Gustafsson 1979.
Enrico Coen
: Cubas, Vincent, and Coen 1999.
“If acquired characters cannot be transmitted . . .”
: Weismann 1889, p. 403.
“. . . convincing disproof of the loose and vague arguments . . .”
: Morgan 1925, p. 177.
that's unfair both to him and to history
: See Burkhardt 2013; Deichmann 2016.
“The law of nature . . .”
: Quoted in Burkhardt 2013, p. 796.
some scientists continued to fight for conceptual room
: See Bonduriansky and Day 2009; Day and Bonduriansky 2011; Uller and Helanterä 2013.
a few cases came to light
: Schaefer and Nadeau 2015.
Ãverkalix
: See Bygren et al. 2014; Epstein 2013; Lim and Brunet 2013.
Michael Skinner
: See Nilsson and Skinner 2015; Skinner 2015; Tollefsbol 2014.
Brian Dias
: See Dias and Ressler 2014; Hughes 2014.
behaviors could be acquired
: See Bale 2014, 2015; Bohacek and Mansuy 2015; Rodgers and Bale 2015.
in vitro fertilization alone
: Lim and Brunet 2013.
helpless until the morning's army of molecules wakes them
: Papazyan et al. 2016.
When we develop an infection
: See Allis and Jenuwein 2016; Busslinger and Tarakhovsky 2014.
cellular memory
: Henikoff and Greally 2016.
The memories we store in our brains
: Kim and Kaang 2017.
it will respond to drought more strongly
: Lämke and Bäurle 2017.
Michael Meaney
: See Moore 2015; Provençal and Binder 2015;
Science
News Staff 1997; Zimmer 2010.
epigenetic clock
: See Chen et al. 2016; Gibbs 2014; Horvath 2013; Horvath and Levine 2015; Walker et al. 2015.
the result of epigenetic changes
: Bourrat 2017.
“If the 20th century belonged to Charles Darwin”
: Kaufman 2014.
If you let your imagination run wild
: Juengst et al. 2014.
including some of the chemicals in plastics
: Schaefer and Nadeau 2015.
“The New Theory That Could Explain Crime . . .”
: Johnson 2014.
Wolynn declared on his website
: Wolynn,
The Family Constellation Institute.
how much skepticism there is in scientific circles
: See Heard and Martienssen 2014; Whitelaw 2015.
the causes may have nothing to do with inherited epigenetic marks
: Greally 2015.
the most potent attacks
: Francis 2014.
primordial germ cells
: See Guo et al. 2015; Tang et al. 2016.
methylation suffers radical amnesia
: Chen, Yan, and Duan 2016.
Kevin Mitchell, a neurogeneticist
: Mitchell 2016.
“Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Myths and Mechanisms”
: Heard and Martienssen 2014.
Azim Surani
: Tang et al. 2015.
Tracy Bale
: Rodgers et al. 2015.
the effect of stress that male mice experienced early in life
: Gapp et al. 2014a.
Antony Jose
: See Devanapally, Ravikumar, and Jose 2015; Marré, Traver, and Jose 2016.
spurring young worms to make more copies of themselves
: Rechavi and Lev 2017.
tiny bubbles, called exosomes
: See Bohacek and Mansuy 2015; Eaton et al. 2015; Smythies, Edelstein, and Ramachandran 2014.
embryos may use exosomes to send signals
: McGough and Vincent 2016.
Heart cells may release them
: Sahoo and Losordo 2014.
Cristina Cossetti
: Cossetti et al. 2014.
researchers at Cornell University
: Rasmann et al. 2011.
Dandelions
: Wilschut et al. 2015.
“is only the sum of all past environment”
: Burbank 1906.
my older daughter, Charlotte
: I first wrote about this experience in Zimmer 2005. For the results of the experiment, see Lyons, Young, and Keil 2007.
adapted for inheriting culture
: Dean et al. 2014.
the Yandruwandha
: Henrich 2016. See also Boyd 2017; Cathcart 2013.
The ancestors of the Yandruwandha
: Clarkson 2017.
“I am weaker than ever . . .”
: Quoted in Boyd 2017, p.9.
“. . . a new kind of replicator . . .”
: Dawkins 2016, p. 248.
lodged itself in the heads of many readers
: Aunger 2006.
“The Net has effectively become a meme factory”
: Quoted in Burman 2012.
“The word meme . . .”
: Dawkins 2016, p. 423.
“. . . appear to be a dead end”
: Ehrlich and Feldman 2003.
biological building blocks
: Haidle and Conard 2016.
Lars Chittka
: Alem et al. 2016.
Swaythling
: Aplin, Sheldon, and Morand-Ferron 2013; Fisher and Hinde 1949; Laland 2017.
birds known as great tits
: Aplin 2015.
more animal traditions
: Whiten, Caldwell, and Mesoudi 2016.
James Hain
: Hain et al. 1982.
Luke Rendell
: Allen et al. 2013.
Lewis Dean
: Dean et al. 2012.
cumulative culture
: Dean et al. 2014.
a peculiar feature of Western societies
: Hewlett and Roulette 2016.
Meerkats are one
: Thornton and McAuliffe 2006.
chimpanzee teachers . . . in the Republic of Congo
: Musgrave et al. 2016.
four years to master the skill
: Byrne and Rapaport 2011.
all their efforts are wasted
: Laland 2017.
extreme imitation
: Mesoudi 2016; Nielsen et al. 2014.
trustworthy experts
: Chudek, Muthukrishna, and Henrich 2015; Ross, Richerson, and Rogers 2014.
“The theory of natural pedagogy”
: Heyes 2016.
known as Oldowan tools
: Gärdenfors and Högberg 2017.
Their subjects always fail
: Chudek, Muthukrishna, and Henrich 2015.
Alex Mesoudi
: Lycett et al. 2015.
full-blown cumulative culture
: Mesoudi and Aoki 2015.
our sheer numbers
: Hill et al. 2014; Muthukrishna et al. 2014.
the dawn of a new form of heredity
: Andersson 2013.
a human-altered environment
: Ellis 2015.
to bake soil
: Brown et al. 2009.
using fire to reshape entire landscapes
: Flannery and Marcus 2012.
walked through grasslands with fire sticks
: Pyne and Cronon 1998.
influenced plants simply through the cultural practices
: See Laland 2017; Rowley-Conwy and Layton 2011; Smith 2011.
when they reach their late teens
: Hooper et al. 2015.
such rules only rein in inequality
: See Bowles, Smith, and Borgerhoff Mulder 2010; Flannery and Marcus 2012; Shennan 2011; Smith et al. 2010a, 2010b.
Not Only Genes
: Bonduriansky and Day 2018.
a sign of early cheese-making
: Marciniak and Perry 2017.
“. . . every feeble-minded person is a potential drunkard”
: Goddard 1914, p. 11.
“. . . no acceptable evidence . . .”
: Haggard and Jellinek 1942.
fathers who drink before conception
: Sarkar 2016.
The molecular details
: Armstrong and Abel 2000; Pauly 1996; Warner and Rosett 1975.
Robert Karp
: Karp et al. 1995.
telltale signs of fetal alcohol syndrome
: Paul 2010.
Phaethon paid a visit one day
: Zirkle 1946.
“Give me proof that all may know I am thy son indeed”
: Ovid 2008, p. 26.
toward new domesticated sequences
: Librado et al. 2016, 2017.
“the Wizard of Santa Rosa”
: Quoted in Smith 2009, p. 184.
an experiment on some Indian corn
: See Glass 1980; Shull 1909.
pears, peppermint, sunflowers, rice, cotton, and wheat
: Broad 2007.
creating strains that could make superior penicillin
: Adrio and Demain 2006; Raper 1946.
It wasn't until the 1960s that microbiologists would discover
: Zimmer 2008a.
Jennifer Doudna
: Doudna and Sternberg 2017; Doudna and Charpentier 2014.
“We had built the means”
: Doudna and Sternberg 2017, p. 84.
Rudolf Jaenisch
: Wang et al. 2013.
the parade of CRISPR animals became a stampede
: Ledford 2016.
“To me the interest was how . . .”
: Cold Spring Harbor Lab 2013.
Lippman and his colleagues planted the seeds of these altered plants
: Soyk et al. 2016.
About two thousand genes
: Boone and Andrews 2015.
cells from people with cystic fibrosis
: Schwank et al. 2013.
mice that suffered from hereditary cataracts
: Wu et al. 2013.
wondering when the first experiments on human embryos would take place
: Doudna 2015.
the nightmares started
: Doudna and Sternberg 2017.
“. . . the Hitler Problem?”
: Quoted in Urban 2015.
vestigial features of aurochs
: Wang 2012.
“Pretty pure damn blood”
: Quoted in Boodman 2017.
many different forms
: Bashford and Levine 2010.
Hermann Muller
: Carlson 1983, 2009.
“the naive doctrine . . .”
: Muller 1933, p. 46.
“it is by no means all dead and buried . . .”
: Muller 1949, p. 2.
“for we are all fellow mutants together”
: Muller 1950, p. 169.
“making the best of human nature . . .”
: Muller 1961a.
perfecting the art of artificial insemination
: Richards 2008.
“They will form a growing vanguard . . .”
: Muller 1961b.
The Fairfax Cryobank
: See Fairfax Cryobank “Donor Search.”
But there aren't any regulations about checking DNA
: Silver et al. 2016.
Sometimes a dangerous variant
: Mroz 2012.
a young patient with a hereditary heart condition
: Maron et al. 2009.
scan every protein-coding gene in a potential sperm donor
: Silver et al. 2016.
“magic fluid”
: Quoted in Franklin 2013, p. 106.
they had succeeded at last
: Edwards 1970.