Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life & Legend (62 page)

5 The arraignment and conviction of Sir Walter Rawleigh...coppied by Sir Tho: Overbury (London, 1648), p. 10.

6 J. S. Cockburn, 'The spoils of law: the trial of Sir John Hele, 1604', in D. J. Guth and J. W. McKenna (eds), Tudor Rule and Revolution; essays for G. R. Elton from his American friends (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 309-43, at 313-14.

7 P. Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution: religion, politics and society in Kent, 1500-1640 (Brighton, 1977), esp. pp. 260-6.

8 HMC, Dc L'Isle and Dudley, ii, p. 415.

9 Letters of Ralegh, p. 191.

10 A. R. Beer, My Just Desire: the life of Bess Ralegh, wife to Sir Walter (New York, 2003), p. 112.

11 The tension between the two women was deep. 'I wish', Bess wrote to Cecil early in 1602, 'she would be as ambitious to do good as she is apt to the contrary.' Hatfield MS 85/134.

12 Quoted in J. Pope Hennessy, Sir Walter Raleigh in Ireland, ed. T. Herron (Dublin, 2009), p. 71.

13 2 July 1600, Hatfield MS 251/119.

14 Cobham to Cecil, 19 July 1600, Hatfield MS 251/100.

15 E. Sawyer (ed.), Memorials of AJfairs of State (London, 1725), i, p. 231, written at Boulogne, 23 July 1600. Rowland Whyte had heard that they had been asked to investigate recent political manoeuvres by Prince Maurice (HMC, Dc L'Isle and Dudley, ii, p. 473).

16 Letters of Ralegh, p. 195.

17 Zouche's letters refer to the 'great crose in her majestys favor' that the author had sustained, long since, at Ralegh's hands, BL, Egerton MS 2812, fos 52v, 69, 109v-110r.

18 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 196-200. Ralegh attended a Stannary Parliament for Devon at Crockerntor on 27 October 1600 (see H. P. R. Finberg, 'An unrecorded stannary parliament', Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association 82 (1950), 295-310 at 296).

19 Beer, My Just Desire, p. 124; Letters of Chamberlain, i, p. 107.

20 T. N. Brushfield, Raleghaca ([Plymouth], 1896-1907), published as a series in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association for theAdvancernent of Science, Literature and Art, v, p. 22.

21 Pauline Croft suggests that Bess Brooke had been BessThrockmorton's mentor at Court, back in the 1580s.

22 A. Wall (ed.),'An account of the Essex Revolt, February 1601', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 54 (1981), 131-3, at 132; HMC, Bath, v, pp. 280-1.

23 H. V. Jones, 'The Journal of Levinus Munck', EHR 68 (1953), 241.

24 Syon MS X. II.12(6) (ab).

25 Examinations of Londoners, Hatfield MS 76/91.

26 See John Bargar to Cobham, February 1601, Hatfield MS 82/97-8; Walter Cope to Cecil, February 1601, Hatfield MS 84/7; and letter from Dr Fletcher to Cecil, 14 March 1601, Hatfield MS 77/60.

27 Anonymous information about 'those gentlemen which mett at Wolverhampton', Hatfield MS 204/132.

28 TNA, SP 12/278/23.

29 See P. Croft, 'Libels, popular literacy and public opinion in early modern England', Historical Research 68 (1995), 266-85, at 283.

30 Lefranc, Sir Walter Ralegh, pp. 665-75.

31 See May, Sir Walter Ralegh, p. 125.

32 BL, Add. MS 38139, to. 192v. See Croft, 'Libels', p. 274; M. King, 'The Essex myth in Jacobean England', in G. Burgess, R. Wymer and J. Lawrence (eds), The Accession of James I: historical and cultural consequences (Basingstoke, 2006), pp. 177-86, at 179-81.

33 TNA, SP 12/279/59.

34 Bodleian MS Rawlinson D923, fo. 124, a copy by Rawlinson from Thomas Coxeter's manuscript. Elizabeth eventually spared the Percy brothers a trial on charges of treason, demanding instead a substantial fine.

35 A. D. Boyer, Sir Edward Coke and the Elizabethan Age (Stanford, 2003), pp. 289-90; Letters of Ralegh, p. 204.

36 Sherborne Castle Archives,Volume of Legal Transcripts 1593-1610, fos 3r-9v.

37 HMC, Various Collections, i, pp. 371-2, letter dated 25 July 1599.

38 Hatfield MS 209/6.

39 Sherborne Castle Archives,Volume of Legal Transcripts 1593-1610, fo. 13r.

40 Ibid., fos l Or-12r.

41 Ibid., fos 14r-16r.

42 Syon MS X.2.12 Box 2e.

43 Hatfield Maps Charts and Plans 2.

44 Hatfield MS 222/27.

45 C. Monro (ed.),Acta Cancellariae (London, 1847), pp.179,181. The suit failed, essentially because the facts in the case were old and unverifiable.

46 Letters of Rahgh, p. 230.

47 e.g. Hatfield MS 40/24.

48 Letters of Rale,Eh, p. 230.

49 J. W. Shirley, 'Sir Walter Raleigh's Guiana finances', Huntington Library Quarterly 13 (1949), 55-69.

50 Letters of Ralegh, p. 239.

51 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 209-10, 214-16. Hatfield MS 88/84; Hatfield MS Petitions 1798.

52 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 230-2, 239.

53 W. A. Wallace, John White, Thomas Harriot and Walter Ralegh in Ireland (Thomas Harriot Seminar paper, 1985), p. 22; T. O. Ranger, 'The career of Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, 1588-1603' (Oxford, D. Phil. thesis, 1958), pp. 18-57;T. O. Ranger, 'Richard Boyle and the making of an Irish fortune, 1588-1614', Irish Historical Studies 10 (1957), 257-97.

54 Syon MS U. I.50a(2), Church's book.

55 Hill to Buckhurst, 25 September 1598, Hatfield MS 64/55;Trevelyan, Ralei,t!h, p. 341; Letters of kaheE'h, p. 211. On the hints at a more eminent role see Letters of Chamherlairn, i, p. 91, a letter of 5 March 1600.

56 T. E. Hartley (ed.), Proceedings in the parliaments (?f Elizabeth I, Volume II 1584-1589 (London, 1995), pp. 336, 338; Sir Simonds D'Ewes, The Journals of all the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth Both of the House of Lords and House of Commons (London, 1682), pp. 632-3.

57 In this regard, the session is analysed in F. Edwards, The Succession, Bye, and Main Plots, 1601-160.3 (Dublin, 2006), pp. 126-36, though the author attributes more animosity to Cecil than one can readily detect in the surviving evidence.

58 Hatfield MS 89/82, 83.

59 Hartley, Proceedings, p. 451; D'Ewes,Journals, pp. 671, 674. The tinners had petitioned him for reform of 'abuses' in the Stannaries many tines, e.g. Hatfield MS 79/83.

60 A. McRae, God Speed the Plough: the representation of agrarian England 1500-1660 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 12. See J. Edwards, 'Between "plain wilderness" and "goodly corn fields": representing land use in early Virginia', in R. Appelbaum and J. W. Sweet (eds), Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the making of the North Atlantic world (Philadelphia, 2005), pp. 222-3.

61 Hartley, Proceedings, p. 377; D'Ewes,Journals, pp. 645, 646.

62 A. L. Rowse, Ralcgh and theThrockmortons (London, 1962), p. 224.

63 Letters of RaleeEth, p. 188. See letters from William Cecil written at Sherborne, including one in Latin to his father: Hatfield MSS 250/44, 251/158.

64 Letters of Rale,Eh, p. 200.

65 Stanhope was being spoken of in connection with the office in October 1598, see Letters of Cliauiberlain, i, p. 46.

66 BL, Althorp Papers, Althorp B2, letter dated 2 July 1601.

67 Letters of RalcE'h, p. 205.

68 Ibid., p. 206.

69 D. Dalrymple, Lord Hailes (ed.), The Secret Correspondence of Sir Robert Cecil with Jmnes VI Kir~~ of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1766), p. 203.

70 J. Maclean (ed.), Letters from Sir Robert Cecil to Sir George Carew (London, 1864), p. 86.

71 Ibid., p. 85.

72 J. Bruce (ed.), Correspondence of King James VI of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil and Others in England (London, 1861), p. 18.

73 Maclean, Letters from Cecil to Carew, p. 108.

74 Ibid., p. 139.

75 Ibid., pp. 84, 89

76 Dalrymple, Secret Correspondence, pp. 29-33, letter written in early December 1601.

77 Ibid., pp. 132-3.

78 See Beer, MyJiist Desire, p. 129.

79 Dalrymple, Secret Correspondence, p. 116; G. P. V. Akrigg (ed.), Letters of James VI & I (Berkeley, 1984), p. 190.

80 Bruce, Correspondence of King jaines VI, p. 18.

81 Letters of Rale,Eh, pp. 213-14, 217-23.

82 Ibid., pp. 2308.

83 Ibid., p. 238.

84 Hatfield MS 214/39.

85 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 240-2; D. B. Quinn, 'Thomas Hariot and the Virginia voyages of 1602', William and Mary Quarterly 3rd series, 27 (1970), pp. 268-81, at 276.

86 J. Hurstfield, The Queen's Wards: wardship and marriage under Elizabeth I (London, 1958), pp. 301-2. Cobham was also drawn into the subterfuge.

87 See Hatfield MS 85/66.

88 Letter to Cecil dated 29 June 1602, Hatfield MS 97/46.

89 Bruce, Correspondence of King James VI, p. 67.

90 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 242-3; P. Ahier, The Governorship of Sir Walter Ralegh in Jersey, 1600-1603 (St Helier, 1971), pp. 55-60.

91 Hatfield MS 91/46.

92 Letters of Ralegh, p. 236.

93 Ibid., p. 233.

94 Ibid., p. 239.

CHAPTER 9

1 T. Dekker, The Wonrderfull Yeare (London, 1603), sig. C.

2 Letters of Chamberlain, i, p. 179.

3 HMC, MSS of the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle, i, p. 387.

4 Dekker, The Wmdcrfiill Ycare, sig. Cv.

5 BL, Stowe MS 150, fo. 180,Thomas Ferrers to Sir Humphrey Ferrers, 25 March 1603.

6 Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 75, fos 79-81, SimonTheloal to Dr Dun, 26 March 1603.

7 R. 1? Sorlien (ed.), The Diary of john Manningham of the Middle Temple 1602-1603 (Hanover, NH, 1976), pp. 208-9. See M. Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot (Manchester, 1991), p. 119.

8 R. C. Winthrop, Life and Letters of John Winthrop (Boston, 1864), p. 415.

9 O. L. Dick (ed.), Aubrey'c Brief Lives (London, 1949), p. 257.

10 See G. B. Harrison, A Jacobean Journal (London, 1941), p. 9. Robert Cotton's account of the discussions on 24 March are at BL, Cotton Titus C. VII, fo. 57, see P Collinson, 'Afterword', in J. F. McDiarmid (ed.), The Monarchical Republic of Early Modern Ei(!lmrd: essays in response to Patrick Collinson (Aldershot, 2007), Monarchical Republic, pp. 245-60, at 257.

11 Dick, Aubrey's Brief Lives, p. 257.

12 BL,Add. MS 5408; copy in the Somerset Record Office, DD/SAS/C1193/28; HMC, Various Collerfious, iv, p. 165 ;W. A. Jackson, 'The funeral procession of Queen Elizabeth', The Library, 4th series, 26 (1946), pp. 262-71.

13 The true uarratiou of the entertainment of his Royall Maiestie, from the time of his departure from Edenbrou, h; till his receiuiug at London with all or the most speciall occurrences (London, 1603), sigs C2v, C4v; T. N. Brushfield, Raleghana ([Plymouth], 1896-1907), published as a series in the Transactions of the DevonshireAssociation for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art, v, pp. 24-5. Generosity has its limits: Brett Usher reminds us that when Matthew was promoted to the archdiocese of York he was obliged to give up Durham House (see M. Lee (ed.), Dudley Carleton toJohn Chamberlain, 1603-1624. Jacobean letters (New Brunswick, 1972), pp. 90-1).

14 Letters of Rnle h, pp. 245-6.

15 Maximilien de Bethune, duc de Sully, Memoires ou Oeconromies Royales d'Estat (Paris, 1664), ii, pp. 200-1.

16 HMC, Various Collections, i, p. 73; iv, p. 166.

17 E. Edwards, The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh...together with his Letters (London, 1868), i, pp. 364-5; S. W. May, Sir Walter Ralegh (Boston, 1989), pp. 66-7.

18 Printed in Works of Ralegh, viii, p. 299-316. See below, Chapter Eleven (i), p. 248.

19 Much of what follows is based on M. Nicholls, 'Two Winchester trials: the prosecution of Henry, Lord Cobham, and Thomas Lord Grey de Wilton, November 1603', Historical Research 68 (1995), 26-48; 'Sir Walter Ralegh's treason: a prosecution document', English Historical Review 110 (1995), 902-24;'Treason's Reward: the punishment of conspirators in the Bye plot of 1603', Historical JournaL 38 (1995), 821-42. The facts are detailed by F. Edwards in The Succession, Bye, and Main Plots of 1601-1603 (Dublin, 2006). Edwards restates his conviction that Robert Cecil manipulated every conspiracy in the period, but overlooks the most recent secondary literature on this subject.

20 TNA, SP 14/2/71.

21 Hatfield MS 187/95; J. F. Larkin and P. L. Hughes, Stuart Royal Proclamations: royal proclamations of Kingjames I, 160.3-25 (Oxford, 1973), pp. 41-3. The procedures followed in early modern treason investigations are explained and analysed in J. Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason (London, 1979).

22 H. Lonchay and J. Cuvelier (eds), Correspondance de la tour d'Espagae stir les affaires des PaysBas au XVIIe siecle (Brussels, 1923-7), i, pp. 165-6; BL,Add. 31111, fos 1-2. The events of 1603 had no lasting impact on Arenberg's integrity as an envoy, see P. Croft, 'Rex Pacificus, Robert Cecil, and the 1604 peace with Spain', in G. Burgess, R. Wymer and J. Lawrence (eds), The Accession of JaMes I: historical and cultural consequences (Basingstoke, 2006), pp. 140-54.

23 Nicholls, 'Treason's reward', p. 833.

24 TNA, S1 14/2/59, 64; Nicholls, 'Two Winchester trials', pp. 37-8. Brooke was arrested on 14 July.

25 For the date of Ralegh's transfer to the Tower see H. V. Jones, 'The Journal of Levinus Munck', EHR 68 (1953), 234-58 at p. 244.

26 Nicholls, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's treason', p. 919.

27 Ibid.

28 Hatfield MS 101/85.

29 Hatfield MS 101/82.

30 Hatfield MS 101/92.

31 Peyton thanked Cecil for the appointment on 25 July (Hatfield MS 101/94). The warrant of appointment, giving reasons for Ralegh's removal from office, is dated 30 July (Hatfield MS 147/156).

32 Jones, Journal of Levinus Munck', p. 245; HMC, MSS of the Rt Hon. Lord Sackville of Knole, ii, p. 137.

34 Hatfield MS 101/100.

33 J. Hutchins, The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset (Westminster, 1861-73), iv, pp. 217-19. The anonymous author also upheld the use of torture in principle: 'the property of the racke is not onelie to streatch the joynts, but reach the conscience, and make it give, which, fearfullie considered maie have power to terrific both the joyntes and the conscience'.

35 Letters of Ralegh, pp. 247-9. The authenticity of this letter was long questioned, for it survives in only one near contemporary copy. However, the reference to Ralegh's daughter among other details suggests strongly that it was indeed Ralegh's work. See A. M. C. Latham, 'Sir Walter Ralegh's farewell letter to his wife in 1603: a question of authenticity', Essays and Studies 25 (1939), 39-42. For Keymis's letter to Cecil see Hatfield MS 101/116.